The study of a huge repertory of sparse glazed ware from Donoratico (Livorno, Italy) dated back to the ninth century was carried out to investigate the production technology via petrographic, chemical, and isotopic investigations. The mineralogical and chemical evidence suggested the application of a lead oxide flux to an unfired non‐calcareous ceramic body, in accordance with late Antique and early‐Medieval traditions. The isotopic investigation of the glazes also suggested different sources for PbO, which was frequently applied as a mix of different metal batches. The Pb isotopic record identified the Southern Tuscany districts (Campiglia Marittima and Colline Metallifere) and a source controlled by the Carolingian kings in the northern districts of Central Europe (either in Aquitaine or in the Middle German ore districts) as the most reliable sources. SEM‐EDS showed the presence of tin impurities in the form of secondary cassiterite agglomerates in most of the glazes obtained by the use of local lead. The presence of cassiterite veins in Southern Tuscany lead sulphide deposits was considered as the main cause for tin impurities in the glazing mixture and, thus, an important marker for the exploitation of local lead.

中文翻译：

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Donoratico（意大利里窝那）早期中世纪稀疏釉面陶器的考古起源限制

进行了对可追溯到九世纪的Donoratico（意大利里窝那）的稀疏琉璃器皿的研究，以通过岩相，化学和同位素研究来研究生产技术。矿物学和化学证据表明，根据晚期古董和中世纪早期传统，将氧化铅助熔剂应用于未烧制的非钙质陶瓷体。釉的同位素研究还表明，PbO的来源不同，通常将其作为不同金属批次的混合物使用。铅同位素记录确定了托斯卡纳南部地区（Campiglia Marittima和Colline Metallifere）以及中欧北部地区（在阿基坦或德国中部矿区）由加洛林国王控制的来源是最可靠的来源。SEM-EDS显示，在使用局部铅获得的大多数釉料中，锡杂质均以次级锡铁矿附聚物的形式存在。托斯卡纳南部硫化铅矿床中锡石矿脉的存在被认为是玻璃混合物中锡杂质的主要原因，因此，也是当地铅开采的重要标志。