Titanium and niobium are added to ferritic stainless steels (FSS) to enhance their surface and mechanical properties. The use of titanium to obtain FSS sheets that are resistant to ridging due to the formation of equiaxed rather than columnar grains during solidification is well established. However, the use of titanium results in clogging the submerged entry nozzle during casting, causing surface defects in cold‐rolled products and overall production losses. To overcome the clogging problem, calcium treatment is conducted in the ladle furnace to transform inclusions into the liquid state. However, this delays the formation of the TiN inclusions which act as nuclei for the equiaxed grains, thereby increasing the fraction of columnar grains in the slabs and susceptibility to ridging in the final cold‐rolled and annealed product. Herein, the effect of calcium treatment and electromagnetic stirring (EMS) on the equiaxed grain ratio and ridging is studied with industrially produced material. The beneficial effect of EMS on grain structure and ridging is largely lost at high calcium contents, but it can be retained, provided the level of calcium is maintained at a sufficiently low, optimum level.

中文翻译：

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钙处理和电磁搅拌对双稳定铁素体不锈钢中拉拔的影响

钛和铌被添加到铁素体不锈钢（FSS）中以增强其表面和机械性能。众所周知，使用钛制得的FSS片由于在固化过程中会形成等轴而不是柱状晶粒而抗起皱。但是，钛的使用会在铸造过程中堵塞浸入式喷嘴，从而导致冷轧产品的表面缺陷和整体生产损失。为了克服堵塞问题，在钢包炉中进行钙处理以将夹杂物转变成液态。但是，这会延迟形成等轴晶核的TiN夹杂物的形成，从而增加板坯中柱状晶粒的比例，并增加最终冷轧和退火产品中产生皱纹的可能性。在这里 用工业生产的材料研究了钙处理和电磁搅拌（EMS）对等轴晶率和皱纹的影响。在高钙含量下，EMS对晶粒结构和起皱的有益作用会大大丧失，但只要钙的含量保持在足够低的最佳水平，就可以保留。