International efforts to restore degraded ecosystems will continue to expand over the coming decades, yet the factors contributing to the effectiveness of long‐term restoration across large areas remain largely unexplored. At large scales, outcomes are more complex and synergistic than the additive impacts of individual restoration projects. Here, we propose a cumulative‐effects conceptual framework to inform restoration design and implementation and to comprehensively measure ecological outcomes. To evaluate and illustrate this approach, we reviewed long‐term restoration in several large coastal and riverine areas across the US: the greater Florida Everglades; Gulf of Mexico coast; lower Columbia River and estuary; Puget Sound; San Francisco Bay and Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta; Missouri River; and northeastern coastal states. Evidence supported eight modes of cumulative effects of interacting restoration projects, which improved outcomes for species and ecosystems at landscape and regional scales. We conclude that cumulative effects, usually measured for ecosystem degradation, are also measurable for ecosystem restoration. The consideration of evidence‐based cumulative effects will help managers of large‐scale restoration capitalize on positive feedback and reduce countervailing effects.

中文翻译：

---

应用累积效应战略性地推进大规模生态系统恢复

在未来几十年中，恢复退化生态系统的国际努力将继续扩大，但影响大面积长期恢复有效性的因素在很大程度上仍未得到探索。在大范围内，结果比单个恢复项目的附加影响更加复杂和协同。在这里，我们提出了一个累积效应概念框架，为恢复设计和实施提供信息，并全面衡量生态结果。为了评估和说明这种方法，我们回顾了美国几个大型沿海和河流地区的长期恢复：大佛罗里达大沼泽地；墨西哥湾沿岸；哥伦比亚河下游和河口；普吉特海湾; 旧金山湾和萨克拉门托-圣华金三角洲；密苏里河；和东北沿海各州。证据支持相互作用恢复项目的八种累积效应模式，这些模式在景观和区域尺度上改善了物种和生态系统的结果。我们得出的结论是，通常以生态系统退化来衡量的累积效应，对于生态系统恢复也是可以衡量的。考虑循证累积效应将有助于大规模恢复的管理者利用积极的反馈并减少抵消效应。