The remarkable success of anti‐CD20 B cell depletion therapies in reducing the burden of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease has prompted significant interest in how B cells contribute to neuroinflammation. Most focus has been on identifying pathogenic CD20⁺ B cells. However, an increasing number of studies have also identified regulatory functions of B lineage cells, particularly the production of IL‐10, as being associated with disease remission in anti‐CD20–treated MS patients. Moreover, IL‐10–producing B cells have been linked to the attenuation of inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. In addition to IL‐10–producing B cells, antibody‐producing plasma cells (PCs) have also been implicated in suppressing neuroinflammation. This review will examine regulatory roles for B cells and PCs in MS and EAE. In addition, we speculate on the involvement of regulatory PCs and the cytokine BAFF in the context of anti‐CD20 treatment. Lastly, we explore how the microbiota could influence anti‐inflammatory B cell behavior. A better understanding of the contributions of different B cell subsets to the regulation of neuroinflammation, and factors that impact the development, maintenance, and migration of such subsets, will be important for rationalizing next‐generation B cell–directed therapies for the treatment of MS.

中文翻译：

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B细胞和浆细胞对神经炎症的调节

抗 CD20 B 细胞耗竭疗法在减轻多发性硬化症 (MS) 疾病负担方面取得的显著成功激发了人们对 B 细胞如何导致神经炎症的极大兴趣。最关注的是识别致病性 CD20 ⁺B细胞。然而，越来越多的研究也发现 B 谱系细胞的调节功能，尤其是 IL-10 的产生，与抗 CD20 治疗的 MS 患者的疾病缓解有关。此外，产生 IL-10 的 B 细胞与实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎 (EAE)（MS 的动物模型）中炎症的减弱有关。除了产生 IL-10 的 B 细胞外，产生抗体的浆细胞 (PC) 也与抑制神经炎症有关。本综述将研究 B 细胞和 PC 在 MS 和 EAE 中的调节作用。此外，我们推测在抗 CD20 治疗的背景下调节性 PC 和细胞因子 BAFF 的参与。最后，我们探讨了微生物群如何影响抗炎 B 细胞的行为。