Abstract The implementation of Safe(r) by Design (SbD) in industrial innovations requires an integrated approach where the human, environmental and economic impact of the SbD measures is evaluated across and throughout the nanomaterial (NM) life cycle. SbD was implemented in six industrial companies where SbD measures were applied to NMs, nano-enabled products (NEP) and NM/NEP manufacturing processes. The approach considers human and environmental risks, functionality of the NM/NEP and costs as early as possible in the innovation process, continuing throughout the innovation progresses. Based on the results of the evaluation, a decision has to be made on whether to continue, stop or re-design the NM/NEP/process or to carry out further tests / obtain further data in cases where the uncertainty of the human and environmental risks is too large. However, SbD can also be implemented at later stages when there is already a prototype product or process available, as demonstrated in some of the cases. The SbD measures implemented in some of the case studies did not result in a viable solution. For example the coating of silicon nanoparticles with amorphous carbon increased the conductivity, the stability and reduced the dustiness of the particles and therefore the risk of explosion and the exposure to workers. However the socioeconomic assessment for their use in lithium-ion batteries for cars, when compared to the used of graphite, showed that the increase in performance did not overcome the higher production costs. This work illustrates the complexities of selecting the most appropriate SbD measures and highlights that SbD cannot be solely based on a hazard and exposure assessment but must include other impacts that any SbD measures may have on sustainability including energy consumption and waste generation as well as all associated monetary costs.

中文翻译：

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安全通过纳米技术行业的设计实施

摘要 Safe(r) by Design (SbD) 在工业创新中的实施需要一种综合方法，其中在整个纳米材料 (NM) 生命周期中评估 SbD 措施对人类、环境和经济的影响。SbD 在六家工业公司实施，其中 SbD 措施应用于 NM、纳米产品 (NEP) 和 NM/NEP 制造过程。该方法在创新过程中尽早考虑人类和环境风险、NM/NEP 的功能和成本，并在整个创新过程中持续进行。根据评估结果，必须决定是否继续、停止或重新设计 NM/NEP/过程，或者在人类和环境不确定性的情况下进行进一步测试/获取进一步数据风险太大。然而，当已经有原型产品或流程可用时，SbD 也可以在后期实施，如某些情况所示。在一些案例研究中实施的 SbD 措施并未产生可行的解决方案。例如，用无定形碳涂覆硅纳米颗粒可提高导电性、稳定性并减少颗粒的灰尘，从而降低爆炸和工人接触的风险。然而，与使用石墨相比，它们在汽车锂离子电池中的使用的社会经济评估表明，性能的提高并没有克服更高的生产成本。