Chloroplasts have multiple suborganellar membranes. Correct and efficient translocation of chloroplast proteins from their site of synthesis into or across membranes to their functional compartments are fundamental processes. In recent years, several new components and regulatory mechanisms involved in chloroplast protein import and sorting have been explored. Moreover, the formation of liquid–liquid phase transition (LLPT) has been recently reported as a novel mechanism for regulating chloroplast protein sorting. Here, we overview the recent advances of both nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded protein trafficking to their final destination within chloroplasts, and discuss the novel components and regulatory mechanisms of intrachloroplast sorting. Furthermore, we propose that LLPT may be a universal and conserved mechanism for driving organelle protein trafficking and organelle biogenesis.

叶绿体具有多个亚细胞器膜。叶绿体蛋白质从其合成位点进入或跨膜到其功能区室的正确和有效易位是基本过程。近年来，已经探索了涉及叶绿体蛋白质输入和分类的几种新成分和调节机制。此外，液-液相转变（LLPT）的形成最近被报道为调节叶绿体蛋白质分选的新机制。在这里，我们概述了核和叶绿体编码的蛋白质运输到叶绿体内最终目的地的最新进展，并讨论了叶绿体内分选的新成分和调控机制。此外，