Nanopore technology emerges as an important experimental tool for monitoring chemical changes at molecular level, from nanopore blockade sensors for ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules to real-time DNA sequencing. The explosion of numerous studies on nanopore technology is primarily based on the easy access to changes on the characteristic current created by sensing the transport of molecules through nanopore or measuring specific interactions between analytes and active sites modified on the nanoscale hole. This review surveys that the biological nanopores have monitored biological and chemical processes at single-molecule level in real-time. Molecule-level chemical processes including self-assemble processes, structural changes, enzymatic reactions, and isomerization reactions are summarized. Bond-level chemical reactions such as coordination interactions and the formation and cleavage of covalent bonds are also discussed in detail.

纳米孔技术已成为监测分子水平化学变化的重要实验工具，从用于生物分子超灵敏检测的纳米孔阻断传感器到实时DNA测序。纳米孔技术的众多研究的爆炸式增长主要是基于易于获得的特征电流变化，该变化是通过感测分子通过纳米孔的传输或测量分析物与修饰在纳米级孔上的活性位点之间的特定相互作用而产生的。这篇评论调查说，生物纳米孔已经实时监测了单分子水平的生物和化学过程。总结了分子水平的化学过程，包括自组装过程，结构变化，酶促反应和异构化反应。