This paper studies an integrated network planning and operation problem of sustainable closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) under demand uncertainty with particularly interest in the configuration of retail network. The problem is modeled as a two-stage stochastic program which is further extended to evaluate the impact of various carbon polices on planning and operation decisions of the CLSC. A branch and bound based integer L-shaped algorithm has been proposed to solve these models. Extensive numerical experiments are conducted and impacts of carbon policies are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis is carried out and several managerial insights are drawn.

中文翻译：

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新兴市场中可持续闭环供应链的网络规划和运营：零售市场配置和碳政策

本文研究了需求不确定性下可持续闭环供应链（CLSC）的集成网络规划和运营问题，尤其是对零售网络的配置感兴趣。该问题被建模为一个两阶段的随机程序，该程序被进一步扩展以评估各种碳政策对CLSC计划和运营决策的影响。提出了一种基于分支定界的整数L形算法来求解这些模型。进行了广泛的数值实验，并分析了碳政策的影响。进行敏感性分析并得出一些管理见解。