Abstract Helichrysum petiolare and Helichrysum odoratissimum, collectively known as ‘Imphepho’, are popular medicinal herbs that are indigenous to South Africa. The species are used interchangeably to relieve gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions, fever and urinary tract infections, implying that they produce antibacterial compounds. Although these herbs are sold in informal markets, they have not been commercialized. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical profiles and the antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts of the two species. The profiles of the smoke condensates were also compared, since the smoke from both species is inhaled during cultural rituals to induce central nervous system effects. After optimizing the extractant, the chemical profiles of aqueous methanol extracts of the aerial parts of twelve H. odoratissimum and fifteen H. petiolare samples, collected from several different localities, were obtained using ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Three isomeric compounds were found to be present in both species. The construction of chemometric models from the data indicated a large degree of inter-population variation within H. odoratissimum, with the samples loosely clustering into two main groups. In contrast, the chemistry of H. petiolare was highly conserved. Discriminant analysis identified four distinguishing marker compounds for each species. One of the isomers common to both species, was isolated from H. odoratissimum and identified as 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and is herein reported for the first time from the two species. Following validation of a developed UPLC-photodiode array (PDA) detection method, it was determined that the concentrations of the compound ranged from 3.89 - 31.1 µg/g in H. odoratissimum and from 2.3 to 13.4 µg/g in H. petiolare. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprints also indicated a greater degree of chemical variation within H. odoratissimum than in H. petiolare. This was confirmed through multivariate analysis of densitograms obtained from images of the fingerprints through the application of rTLC software, effectively mirroring the UPLC-MS results. The antibacterial activity of extracts of all the samples was determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) serial dilution assay against selected Gram-positive (Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae) and Gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Moraxella catarrhalis) pathogens that affect the urinary, respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts. The MICs obtained for H. odoratissimum extracts indicated that these were more effective towards a larger range of bacteria than extracts of H. petiolare. The methanol extracts yielded average MICs denoting noteworthy or moderate activity towards three pathogens (E. coli, M. catarrhalis and S. agalactiae), while the chloroform:methanol extracts displayed noteworthy or moderate activity towards the same three pathogens, but also towards E. faecalis. These results justify to some degree the traditional use of H. odoratissimum to treat conditions of the gastro-intestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts. The UPLC-PDA profiles of smoke condensates of the two species, obtained under controlled conditions, revealed five major compounds that were common to both species. Although the similarity of the smoke profiles rationalises their interchangeable use for inhalation, the solvent extracts displayed little congruence regarding their chemical profiles or antibacterial activities.

中文翻译：

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两种可互换使用的“Imphepho”物种（蜡菊属植物和蜡菊属植物）的比较化学分析和抗菌活性

摘要 蜡菊和蜡菊，统称为“Imphepho”，是南非本土流行的药材。该物种可互换使用，以缓解胃肠道和呼吸道疾病、发烧和尿路感染，这意味着它们会产生抗菌化合物。尽管这些草药在非正规市场上销售，但尚未商业化。本研究的目的是比较这两个物种的溶剂提取物的化学特征和抗菌活性。还比较了烟雾冷凝物的轮廓，因为在文化仪式期间吸入这两种物种的烟雾以诱导中枢神经系统影响。优化提取剂后，12 H 地上部分的甲醇水溶液提取物的化学特征。使用超高效液相色谱-质谱法 (UPLC-MS) 获得从几个不同地点收集的 odoratissimum 和 15 个 H. petiolare 样品。发现两个物种中都存在三种异构化合物。根据数据构建的化学计量模型表明，H. odoratissimum 中存在很大程度的种群间变异，样本松散地分为两个主要组。相比之下，H. petiolare 的化学成分是高度保守的。判别分析为每个物种确定了四种不同的标记化合物。两种物种共有的异构体之一是从 H. odoratissimum 中分离出来的，并使用核磁共振 (NMR) 光谱法鉴定为 4,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸，本文首次从这两种物种中报道。在对开发的 UPLC 光电二极管阵列 (PDA) 检测方法进行验证后，确定该化合物的浓度范围在 H. odoratissimum 中为 3.89 - 31.1 µg/g，在 H. petiolare 中为 2.3 至 13.4 µg/g。高效薄层色谱 (HPTLC) 指纹也表明 H. odoratissimum 内的化学变异程度高于 H. petiolare。通过应用 rTLC 软件从指纹图像获得的密度图的多变量分析证实了这一点，有效地反映了 UPLC-MS 结果。使用最小抑菌浓度 (MIC) 连续稀释法测定所有样品提取物的抗菌活性，对选定的革兰氏阳性菌（腐生葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、无乳链球菌）和革兰氏阴性菌（奇异变形杆菌、大肠杆菌、卡他莫拉菌）病原体会影响泌尿道、呼吸道和胃肠道。为 H. odoratissimum 提取物获得的 MIC 表明，与 H. petiolare 提取物相比，这些对更广泛的细菌更有效。甲醇提取物产生的平均 MIC 表明对三种病原体（大肠杆菌、卡他莫拉氏菌和无乳链球菌）具有显着或中等活性，而氯仿：甲醇提取物对相同的三种病原体显示出显着或中等活性，但对大肠杆菌也具有显着或中等活性。粪便。这些结果在一定程度上证明了 H. odoratissimum 的传统用途是治疗胃肠道、呼吸道和泌尿道的疾病。两种烟气冷凝物的 UPLC-PDA 剖面图，在受控条件下获得，揭示了两种物种共有的五种主要化合物。尽管烟雾分布的相似性使其可互换用于吸入，但溶剂提取物在其化学分布或抗菌活性方面几乎没有表现出一致。