Abstract In Ethiopia, small ruminant breeding programs has been shifted from central nucleus scheme to community based breeding programs considering the past genetic improvement approaches and their suitability to the Ethiopia's production system. One-tier community-based breeding program (CBBP) is currently active breeding strategy implementing with farmers having a common interest to improve and share their genetic resources. Reviewing the progressive results and faced obstacles with their possible solutions is crucial to the breeding plan for its strengthening and adoption in non-participantareas/breeds and other commodities. Community based breeding program has been operated successfully in smallholder goat/sheep producers in mixed crop livestock production system. However, in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities and farmers that have larger flock sizes even in the mixed production system are resisted because of restricted freedom in flock movement, fear of losing independency in decision making and lack of interest in mixing their own flock with others. Moreover, the progressive results of CBBP’s are significantly different among sites due to the differences in commitment and relationship among the CBBP implementers as well as the regional governmental services. Expanding of the CBBP’s in the existing sites as well as in new sites/breeds is still in the gradual form. Small flock sizes, uncontrolled mating system, difficulty of pedigree and performance recording, year round lambing/kidding pattern, keeping higher proportion of breeding males than the recommended male to female ratio, poor institutional support, weak organization of farmers’, incompatible cooperative society proclamation to the CBBP, shortage of incentives to participant farmers are identified as main challenges of the CBBP. Thus, strengthening and careful implementation of CBBP bylaws, reconsidering the cooperative society proclamation and government services is crucial to improve productivity of small ruminant and thereby the profits of farmers in the CBBP’s. Applying restricted breeding season may create great opportunity to increase availability of candidate breeding ram/buck and to eliminate correction factor for kid/lamb season of birth. Optimizing the number of CBBP’s per targeted breed is essential to obtain better genetic gain via efficient utilization of skilled manpower that engage in the CBBP’s rather than gradual increments of CBBP’s. Capacitating the existing reproductive technologies like AI and estrus synchronization (ES) in the CBBP is essential foraccelerate genetic gain, to record accurate pedigree information, and to disseminate the superior gene into non participant farmers. Designing and implementing compatible breeding strategy that initiate individual farmers with larger flock size in the pastoral, agro-pastoral as well as in the mixed production systems may achieve higher genetic gain, profit and sustainability of the proramme.

中文翻译：

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埃塞俄比亚基于社区的小反刍动物育种计划：进展与挑战

摘要 在埃塞俄比亚，考虑到过去的遗传改良方法及其对埃塞俄比亚生产系统的适用性，小反刍动物育种计划已从中央核心计划转变为基于社区的育种计划。一级社区育种计划（CBBP）目前是积极实施的育种战略，与具有共同利益的农民一起实施，以改善和共享其遗传资源。审查进展结果和面临的障碍及其可能的解决方案对于育种计划的加强和在非参与区域/品种和其他商品中的采用至关重要。以社区为基础的育种计划已在混合作物畜牧生产系统中的小山羊/绵羊生产者中成功运行。然而，在牧区和农牧社区，即使在混合生产系统中拥有较大羊群的农民也受到抵制，因为羊群移动自由受限、害怕失去决策的独立性以及缺乏将自己的羊群与他人混合的兴趣。此外，由于 CBBP 实施者之间的承诺和关系以及区域政府服务的差异，CBBP 的渐进结果在站点之间存在显着差异。在现有站点以及新站点/品种中扩展 CBBP 仍处于渐进形式。鸡群规模小，交配系统不受控制，血统和性能记录困难，全年产羔/哄骗模式，保持比推荐的雄性与雌性比例更高的繁殖雄性比例，机构支持差，农民组织薄弱、不兼容的合作社向 CBBP 公告、缺乏对参与农民的激励被认为是 CBBP 的主要挑战。因此，加强和认真执行CBBP 章程，重新考虑合作社的公告和政府服务对于提高CBBP 中小反刍动物的生产力以及农民的利润至关重要。应用受限制的繁殖季节可能为增加候选繁殖公羊/雄鹿的可用性和消除儿童/羔羊出生季节的校正因素创造了很好的机会。优化每个目标品种的 CBBP 数量对于通过有效利用从事 CBBP 的熟练人力而不是逐步增加 CBBP 来获得更好的遗传增益至关重要。在 CBBP 中启用 AI 和发情同步 (ES) 等现有生殖技术对于加速遗传增益、记录准确的谱系信息以及将优良基因传播给非参与农民至关重要。设计和实施兼容育种策略，在牧区、农牧区以及混合生产系统中启动个体农民拥有更大的羊群，可以实现更高的遗传增益、利润和计划的可持续性。