Introduction and aim

Considering the magnitude of giardiasis problem, the side-effects of the used anti-giardia drugs and the resistance posed against them, the current study aimed to evaluate the in-vivo giardicidal effect of Psidium guajava leaf extract (PGLE).

Methods

For fulfilling this aim, five Swiss-albino mice groups were included; GI: non-infected, GII: Giardia-infected and non-treated, GIII: Giardia-infected and metronidazole-treated, GIV: Giardia-infected and PGLE-treated, and GV: Giardia-infected and treated with both metronidazole and PGLE. Treatment efficacy was assessed via; Giardia cyst viability and trophozoite count, trophozoite electron microscopic ultrastructure, duodenal histopathological scoring, immunohistochemistry for TNF-α and duodenal scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, mice serum liver enzymes, total bilirubin, albumin, lipid profile including; total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides were assessed. Additionally, hepatic oxidative stress markers including; malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured.

Results

Results showed that PGLE whether alone or combined with metronidazole has induced significant trophozoite count reduction and major architectural changes. Duodenal histological improvement, and local protective anti-inflammatory effect were confirmed. PGLE has also helped in healing of Giardia-induced gut atrophy. Thus, offered a comprehensive therapy for both the pathogen and the resultant pathological sequalae. Serum markers showed favorable hepatoprotective effect. Total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides levels were less in PGLE-treated group than in metronidazole-treated group. Hepatic oxidative stress markers revealed the promising extract antioxidant effect. This study highlights, the promising in-vivo giardicidal PGLE activity, that was comparable to metronidazole, thus, the extract would be an ideal strongly recommended treatment for giardiasis. When combined with metronidazole, the extract potentiated its therapeutic effect. Besides, having hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, the extract can combat the major side effects of metronidazole therapy.

中文翻译：

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Psidium guajava Linn 叶乙醇提取物：具有超微结构损伤、抗炎和抗氧化作用的体内杀虫潜力

介绍和目标

考虑到贾第鞭毛虫病问题的严重程度、所用抗贾第虫药物的副作用和对它们的耐药性，本研究旨在评估番石榴叶提取物 (PGLE)的体内杀虫效果。

方法

为了实现这一目标，包括五个瑞士白化小鼠组；GI：未感染，GII：贾第虫感染且未处理，GIII：贾第虫感染且经甲硝唑处理，GIV：贾第虫感染且经PGLE处理，以及GV：贾第虫感染且经甲硝唑和PGLE处理。通过以下方式评估治疗效果；贾第鞭毛虫囊肿活力和滋养体计数、滋养体电子显微镜超微结构、十二指肠组织病理学评分、TNF-α 免疫组织化学和十二指肠扫描电子显微镜。此外，小鼠血清肝酶、总胆红素、白蛋白、血脂包括；评估了总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白和甘油三酯。此外，肝脏氧化应激标志物包括：测量丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）。

结果

结果表明，PGLE 无论是单独使用还是与甲硝唑联合使用，都会导致滋养体数量显着减少和结构发生重大变化。证实了十二指肠组织学改善和局部保护性抗炎作用。PGLE 还有助于治愈贾第鞭毛虫引起的肠道萎缩。因此，为病原体和由此产生的病理后遗症提供了综合治疗。血清标志物显示出良好的保肝作用。PGLE治疗组的总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白和甘油三酯水平低于甲硝唑治疗组。肝氧化应激标志物揭示了有希望的提取物抗氧化作用。这项研究强调，有前途的体内PGLE 活性，与甲硝唑相当，因此，该提取物将是理想的强烈推荐的贾第鞭毛虫病治疗方法。当与甲硝唑合用时，该提取物增强了其治疗效果。此外，该提取物具有保肝、抗炎和抗氧化特性，可以对抗甲硝唑治疗的主要副作用。