The supply of ecosystem services is largely determined by changes in land use and cover. Here, we analysed how the supply and interactions among four ecosystem services have evolved over five decades in a mountain biosphere reserve largely dominated by human land uses. We modelled pastures for livestock, crop production, aquifer recharge and erosion prevention based on land use maps along five years. Multi-scale analyses were conducted to show the temporal evolution of the spatial patterns and interactions among those ecosystem services at three nested spatial scales (biosphere reserve, watershed and cell level). The overall increase in the supply of pastures and erosion prevention and the decline of crops and aquifer recharge were closely related to the abandonment of traditional land uses, particularly during the first decades. At finer scales, our results revealed that the cell areas with significant interactions among services (i.e. trade-offs and synergies) decreased from 1956 to 2007. Such evolution of trade-offs and synergies seemed to be driven by management decisions on land-use changes. Finally, we discussed the implications of our results in the context of ecosystem services’ optimization through management actions on land uses in mountain areas.

生态系统服务的供应在很大程度上取决于土地利用和覆被的变化。在这里，我们分析了在以人类土地利用为主的山区生物圈保护区中，四种生态系统服务之间的供应和相互作用在过去的十年间如何演变。我们根据五年来的土地利用图，对牧场进行了畜牧，农作物生产，含水层补给和防止侵蚀的建模。进行了多尺度分析，以显示三个嵌套的空间尺度（生物圈保护区，分水岭和细胞水平）的空间格局的时空演变以及这些生态系统服务之间的相互作用。牧场供应和预防侵蚀的总体增加以及作物和含水层补给量的下降与放弃传统土地用途密切相关，特别是在最初的几十年中。在更细的尺度上 我们的结果表明，从1956年到2007年，服务之间具有重大交互作用的单元区域（即权衡和协同作用）有所减少。权衡和协同作用的这种演变似乎是由土地用途变更的管理决策所驱动的。最后，我们讨论了通过对山区土地利用的管理行动对生态系统服务进行优化而得出的结论。