Abstract Precipitation-induced erosion and orographic precipitation are thought to be coupled during mountain building, potentially serving as a negative feedback on mountain uplift. However, the strength and spatial uniformity of this coupling are not well understood due to limitations in correlating past climate and orogenic events through proxy records, as well as the substantial differences in temporal and spatial scales at which climatic and erosional processes are typically modeled. Here, we present a novel numerical modeling framework that overcomes these order-of-magnitude differences in scale to study the co-evolution of climate, erosion, and mountain building. Our modeling framework uses asynchronous coupling and nested domains to link the National Center for Atmospheric Research Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model with Landlab, a landscape evolution model, through a hydrological model (WRF-Hydro). We conduct numerical experiments that simulate coupled climate-erosion processes during uniform surface uplift of a north-south trending mountain belt from an initial flat landscape over 5 Myrs between the latitudes 0° and 40°S in South America. Our results show that the precipitation-erosion coupling differs in strength as a function of both surface elevation and climate regime. With an increase in surface elevation and gradient, precipitation in the tropical and mid-latitude regions increases and a rain shadow forms on the leeward side of the mountain crest, while precipitation in sub-equatorial and subtropical regions exhibits little change. Erosion responds to these regional differences in precipitation and creates distinctive mean elevation, slope, and hypsometry. Our study highlights that interactions between climate and erosion have a first-order impact on mountain building over geological timescales and that it is necessary to incorporate these interactions in modeling land surface evolution.

中文翻译：

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用于模拟造山带尺度气候-侵蚀耦合的建模框架（WRF-Landlab）

摘要 降水引起的侵蚀和地形降水被认为在山体建造过程中是耦合的，可能对山体抬升起到负反馈作用。然而，由于通过代理记录关联过去的气候和造山事件的局限性，以及通常模拟气候和侵蚀过程的时间和空间尺度的巨大差异，这种耦合的强度和空间均匀性尚不清楚。在这里，我们提出了一种新颖的数值建模框架，克服了这些数量级的规模差异，以研究气候、侵蚀和山脉建设的共同演化。我们的建模框架使用异步耦合和嵌套域，通过水文模型 (WRF-Hydro) 将国家大气研究天气和研究预报中心 (WRF-ARW) 模型与景观演化模型 Landlab 联系起来。我们进行了数值实验，模拟南美洲 0° 和 40°S 纬度之间超过 5 Myrs 的初始平坦景观南北向山脉带均匀地表抬升期间的耦合气候侵蚀过程。我们的结果表明，作为地表高程和气候状况的函数，降水-侵蚀耦合的强度不同。随着地表海拔和坡度的增加，热带和中纬度地区降水增多，在山脊背风侧形成雨影，而亚赤道和亚热带地区的降水变化不大。侵蚀对降水的这些区域差异做出反应，并产生独特的平均海拔、坡度和测高。我们的研究强调，气候和侵蚀之间的相互作用对地质时间尺度上的山地建设具有一级影响，并且有必要将这些相互作用纳入地表演化建模。