This paper provides a comprehensive review of the material behaviour for extrusion-based concrete 3D printing spanning from the early age to long-term performance. We begin with a discussion on the recent progress on the understanding of early-age behaviour. Following this, the mechanical response in the hardened state, and the different strategies to introduce reinforcement are reviewed. Finally, we present insights and perspectives on the transport mechanisms in printed concrete to assess the long-term performance, and also discuss the overall impact of construction by concrete 3D printing on sustainability.

中文翻译：

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从材料的角度出发，基于挤出的混凝土3D打印：最新技术回顾

本文全面介绍了从早期到长期性能的基于挤压的混凝土3D打印的材料性能。我们首先讨论对早期行为的理解的最新进展。之后，回顾了硬化状态下的机械响应以及引入加强的不同策略。最后，我们提供有关印刷混凝土中传输机制的见解和观点，以评估长期性能，并讨论混凝土3D打印对可持续性的总体影响。