The search for biofuel in order to complement the future shortage of fuels and mitigate the poisonous air and water pollution has become so considerate in the last few decades. The choice of feedstock and catalyst system for biofuel production has been very difficult considering many drawbacks from food-fuel competition to catalyst separation and water washing after the reaction. To address these issues, acid-base bi-functional catalysts and waste based vegetable oil were considered for the sustainable production of biofuels. Bifunctional catalyst has the capacity to successfully transform waste based vegetable oil into useful biofuel under mild reaction parameters. In this work, a newly developed bimetallic tungsten- zirconia (WZr) modified waste shell catalyst samples were employed for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of unrefined palm-derived waste oil (PDWO) to biodiesel in one-pot reaction. These catalysts were successfully synthesized using simple wet impregnation technique and characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, and TPD characterization techniques. The catalyst was able to achieved the maximum biodiesel yield of 94.1% in 1 h under optimized reaction parameters.

在过去的几十年中，寻找生物燃料以补充未来燃料短缺和减轻有毒的空气和水污染已经变得十分体贴。考虑到从食物-燃料竞争到反应后催化剂分离和水洗的许多缺点，选择用于生物燃料的原料和催化剂体系非常困难。为了解决这些问题，考虑了酸基双功能催化剂和废物基植物油用于生物燃料的可持续生产。双功能催化剂具有在温和的反应参数下成功将废物基植物油转化为有用的生物燃料的能力。在这项工作中，新开发的双金属钨-氧化锆（WZr）改性废壳催化剂样品用于一锅法反应中将未精制的棕榈衍生废油（PDWO）同时酯化和酯交换为生物柴油。这些催化剂是使用简单的湿浸渍技术成功合成的，并通过SEM，BET，XRD和TPD表征技术进行了表征。在优化的反应参数下，该催化剂能够在1小时内达到94.1％的最大生物柴油收率。