Controlled-release urea fertilizer (CRUF) consists of urea granules intercalated within the lattice of a superabsorbent composite to control urea release thereby improving nitrogen supply and minimizing environmental hazards. In this work, new formulations for controlled-release urea were prepared based on biodegradable polymers and agricultural waste. Following CRUF preparation, the release behavior of urea in aqueous medium was estimated, and the effect of medium pH on release behavior was also examined. A pot experiment was carried out on rice plants to examine the growth, yield performance and physio-biochemical traits (soluble proteins, amino acids, reducing and total free sugars, starch, proline and phenolics) of rice grains at different dosages (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) of CRUF under drought conditions (50% FC). Water stress adversely affected rice growth, membrane leakage and yield components (tiller length, filling ratio, grains mass and number per tiller). Drought exposure has influenced the physiological response of rice grains. Drought markedly increased proteins, amino acids, reducing and total free sugars and proline, but decreased starch and phenolic contents of rice grains. The application of CRUF mitigated water stress via improving the growth and yield parameters of rice plants. CRUF significantly decreased protein, amino acids, reducing sugars and proline contents but remarkably increased free sugars and starch contents of rice grains. Application of CRUF predominantly enhanced water and nutrients use efficiencies, contributing to improved metabolic machinery of droughted rice through reducing osmotic and oxidative stress levels by continued rhizophore moistening, extended urea nitrogen existence and enhanced soil characteristics.

控释尿素肥料（CRUF）由插在超吸收性复合材料晶格中的尿素颗粒组成，可控制尿素的释放，从而改善氮的供应并最大程度地减少对环境的危害。在这项工作中，基于生物可降解聚合物和农业废料制备了控释尿素的新配方。制备CRUF后，评估了尿素在水性介质中的释放行为，并且还研究了介质pH对释放行为的影响。在水稻植株上进行了盆栽试验，以不同剂量（10、25、25）检查稻谷的生长，产量表现和生理生化特性（可溶性蛋白质，氨基酸，还原性和总游离糖，淀粉，脯氨酸和酚类） ，50、75和100千克公顷^-1）（在干旱条件下（50％FC））。水分胁迫对水稻生长，膜渗漏和产量构成因素（分iller长度，填充比，籽粒质量和每分number数量）产生不利影响。干旱暴露影响了稻米的生理反应。干旱显着增加了蛋白质，氨基酸，还原糖和总游离糖和脯氨酸的含量，但降低了稻米的淀粉和酚含量。CRUF的应用通过改善水稻植物的生长和产量参数来减轻水分胁迫。CRUF显着降低了蛋白质，氨基酸，减少了糖和脯氨酸的含量，但显着提高了米粒的游离糖和淀粉含量。施用CRUF主要提高了水和养分的利用效率，