Rope shovels and other heavy mining equipment used for loading fragmented rocks to extract minerals from the earth are used in almost every open pit mine. The optimization of the loading process is of enormous value due to the extremely large amount of material turn over. In this work, a full-scale numerical model of the loading process is developed. Granular material of copper ore is modeled in a combination of rigid finite elements for larger particles with complex shapes, and the discrete element method for smaller particles. A multi rigid body dynamic model, discretized with finite elements are used to model the rope shovel. Calibration of the numerical model for the granular material is performed via a new and unique experimental full-scale approach of analyzing waste rock pile angles with a height of approximately 15 m. In situ experimental data acquisition is performed during the loading process for validation of the model. After model validation, the influence of several loading variables such as bucket rake angle, velocity, and position from the pile are investigated and evaluated. When comparing the numerical model results with experimental mass measurement an excellent agreement was observed. Also, drone camera video recordings of the mass flow behavior and the numerical mass flow behavior are in agreement. Small adjustments of dig variables show a significant effect on the average dig force as well as the bucket fill factor.

几乎每个露天矿都使用绳铲和其他重型采矿设备来装载碎石以从地球上提取矿物。装载过程的最优化具有巨大的价值，因为有大量的物料周转。在这项工作中，开发了加载过程的完整数值模型。铜矿石的颗粒材料是通过对形状复杂的较大颗粒的刚性有限元模型与对较小颗粒的离散元素方法组合而成的。使用有限元离散化的多刚体动力学模型对钢丝铲进行建模。颗粒材料数值模型的校准是通过一种新颖且独特的实验性满量程方法来进行的，该方法可以分析高度约15 m的废石堆角。在加载过程中执行原位实验数据采集以验证模型。在模型验证之后，研究并评估了多个载荷变量（例如铲斗前角，速度和桩的位置）的影响。将数值模型结果与实验质量测量值进行比较时，观察到了极好的一致性。而且，无人机摄像机的质量流量行为和数值质量流量行为的视频记录是一致的。挖掘变量的细微调整显示出对平均挖掘力以及铲斗填充系数的显着影响。调查和评估桩的位置。将数值模型结果与实验质量测量值进行比较时，观察到了极好的一致性。而且，无人机摄像机的质量流量行为和数值质量流量行为的视频记录是一致的。挖掘变量的细微调整显示出对平均挖掘力以及铲斗填充系数的显着影响。调查和评估桩的位置。将数值模型结果与实验质量测量值进行比较时，观察到了极好的一致性。而且，无人机摄像机的质量流量行为和数值质量流量行为的视频记录是一致的。挖掘变量的细微调整显示出对平均挖掘力以及铲斗填充系数的显着影响。