The effects of different feedback conditions on the elbow flexors maximal voluntary isometric (MVIC) force were examined. In a single visit, twenty participants (10 males) were exposed to four conditions including, Visual only; (i.e., knowledge of results [VI]); Verbal encouragement (i.e., verbally stating pull, pull [VE]); VI and VE (VIVE); and no VI or VE (NOVIVE). Three, 5-s MVIC trials were completed for each condition. Separate 2 × 4 (sex × condition) repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine MVIC force, rate of force development (RFD₂₀₀), and rate of electromyography (EMG) rise (RER₂₀₀) for the 0–200-ms window. There was a significant main condition effect for MVIC force (p < 0.001). Significantly greater MVIC force was shown for VIVE compared to VE (p < 0.001) and NOVIVE (p = 0.002) conditions, and VI compared to VE (p = 0.011) and NOVIVE (p = 0.009) conditions. A significant sex × condition interaction (p = 0.036) was observed for RFD₂₀₀, with significantly (p = 0.003) greater RFD₂₀₀ in males compared to females, in the VI condition only. There were no significant differences in RFD₂₀₀ among condition for males (p = 0.033) or females (p = 0.194). There was a significant main effect for sex (p = 0.006) for RER₂₀₀, with significantly greater (p = 0.003) RER₂₀₀ (conditions merged) in males (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 422.99 ± 124.67%), compared to females (220.68 ± 134.01%). Here we suggest the importance of providing VI feedback alone, or in conjunction with VE, for the measurement of elbow flexion MVIC. Additionally, these results provide a foundational framework for future studies aiming to improve feedback modalities during training or rehabilitation.

检查了不同反馈条件对肘屈肌最大自愿等长 (MVIC) 力的影响。在一次访问中，20 名参与者（10 名男性）暴露于四种情况，包括仅视觉；（即，对结果的了解 [VI]）；口头鼓励（即口头陈述拉，拉[VE]）；VI 和 VE (VIVE)；并且没有 VI 或 VE (NOVIVE)。每个条件下完成了三个 5 秒 MVIC 试验。单独的 2 × 4（性别 × 条件）重复测量方差分析 (ANOVA) 用于检查 MVIC 力、力发展率 (RFD ₂₀₀ ) 和肌电图 (EMG) 上升率 (RER ₂₀₀ ) 0-200 -ms 窗口。MVIC 力有显着的主条件效应 ( p< 0.001)。与 VE ( p < 0.001) 和 NOVIVE ( p = 0.002) 条件相比，VIVE 显示出显着更大的 MVIC 力，与 VE ( p = 0.011) 和 NOVIVE ( p  = 0.009) 条件相比，VI显示出更大的 MVIC 力。 观察到 RFD ₂₀₀存在显着的性别 × 条件相互作用 ( p = 0.036) ，仅在 VI 条件下，与女性相比，男性的 RFD ₂₀₀显着 ( p = 0.003) 更大。RFD ₂₀₀在男性 ( p  = 0.033) 或女性 ( p = 0.194) 的条件下没有显着差异。对性别有显着的主效应（p = 0.006) 对于 RER ₂₀₀，与女性 ( 220.68 ± 134.01%) 相比，男性的 RER ₂₀₀（合并条件）显着更高（p = 0.003）（平均值 ± 标准差（SD）：422.99 ± 124.67%）。在这里，我们建议单独提供 VI 反馈或与 VE 结合提供 VI 反馈的重要性，以测量肘关节屈曲 MVIC。此外，这些结果为未来旨在改善训练或康复过程中的反馈方式的研究提供了基础框架。