The soil erosion rates are high in the rainfed olive (Olea europaea L.) mountain plantations applying conventional practices in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment, which compromise their long-term sustainability. The implementation of sustainable soil management strategies is vital for hillslopes and low-fertility soils where plantations cover vast tracts of land. In Lanjarón (Granada, Spain), the soil erosion and runoff patterns over a 4-year monitoring period were studied in erosion plots on a mountainside under four types of production systems: (1) organic (spontaneous vegetation and leguminous covers), (2) conservation agriculture (combinations of minimum tillage with spontaneous and leguminous strips), (3) integrated (combinations of no-tillage with spontaneous vegetation and leguminous strips), and (4) conventional tillage. The olive yield responses to each production system were evaluated, and the selected physico-chemical soil properties (pH, bulk density, soil organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and total N, P, and K), soil enzymes (β-glucosidase, protease, dehydrogenase, and phosphatase activities), and soil-microbial biomass C and N were monitored. Throughout the study period, the erosion rates for organic, conservation, integrated, and conventional systems averaged 0.70, 2.10, 1.52, and 3.25 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with runoff of 5.8, 6.3, 11.9, and 17.6 mm year⁻¹, respectively. The mean olive yield was not significantly affected by the production system applied, being 2.43, 2.10, 2.04, and 2.11 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for integrated, organic, conservation, and conventional, respectively. Here, we show a substantial improvement in soil health restoration using the organic rather than a conventional system. Our findings suggest that sustainable cropping systems on hillslopes integrating a blend between organic and conventional doctrines better maintain or improve soil ecosystem functioning. This study highlights a balanced design for an integrated production system for rainfed olive orchards that can maintain productivity while suitably encouraging environmental quality and ecosystem services.

雨养橄榄（油橄榄）的土壤侵蚀率很高。L.）山区人工林在半干旱的地中海环境中采用常规做法，这损害了它们的长期可持续性。可持续的土壤管理策略的实施对于人工林覆盖大片土地的山坡和低肥力土壤至关重要。在Lanjarón（西班牙格拉纳达），在四种生产系统类型下，研究了山坡侵蚀区4年监测期内的土壤侵蚀和径流模式：（1）有机（自然植被和豆科植物），（2 ）保护性农业（最小耕作与自发和豆科植物带的结合），（3）综合（免耕与自发植被和豆科植物带的结合），以及（4）常规耕作。评估了每个生产系统的橄榄产量响应，以及选定的物理化学土壤性质（pH，堆密度，土壤有机碳，阳离子交换能力以及总氮，磷和钾），土壤酶（β-葡萄糖苷酶，蛋白酶，脱氢酶和磷酸酶活性）和土壤-监测微生物生物量C和N。在整个研究期间，有机，保护，综合和常规系统的侵蚀率平均为0.70、2.10、1.52和3.25吨公顷^-1年- ^1年，径流量分别为5.8、6.3、11.9和17.6毫米年^-1。橄榄的平均产量不受所应用的生产系统的显着影响，分别为2.43、2.10、2.04和2.11吨公顷- ¹年^-1分别用于综合，有机，保护和常规。在这里，我们显示了使用有机系统而不是常规系统在土壤健康恢复方面的显着改善。我们的研究结果表明，结合有机学说和传统学说的混合性山坡上的可持续作物种植系统可以更好地维持或改善土壤生态系统的功能。这项研究强调了雨养橄榄果园综合生产系统的平衡设计，该系统可以维持生产力，同时适当地鼓励环境质量和生态系统服务。