Abstract Continuous innovations in design of advanced structural steels are essential for future progress in manufacturing, automotive and construction industries. Events taking place at nano and atomic scales play crucial role in controlling the strength of steels. Recently, strengths of 1 – 1.5 GPa were realised in nano-scale precipitation strengthened steels. With availability of modern characterisation techniques, such as high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, it is now possible to gain insight into the mechanisms of solute atoms clustering and formation of nano-precipitates, as well as their interactions with dislocations and resulting contribution to strength. In this review, the focus is on cluster formation and nano-precipitation in low temperature body centred cubic phases (ferrite, bainitic ferrite and martensite) in a range of steels from high strength low alloyed to maraging ones. Experimental and modelling data on nucleation and growth of these features is presented. The possible strengthening mechanisms are reviewed. Finally, future research areas and challenges for these classes of steels are critically discussed.

中文翻译：

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钢的团聚、纳米级析出和强化

摘要 先进结构钢设计的不断创新对于制造、汽车和建筑行业的未来发展至关重要。在纳米和原子尺度上发生的事件在控制钢的强度方面起着至关重要的作用。最近，在纳米级沉淀强化钢中实现了 1 – 1.5 GPa 的强度。随着现代表征技术的应用，如高分辨率扫描透射电子显微镜和原子探针断层扫描，现在可以深入了解溶质原子聚集和纳米沉淀形成的机制，以及它们与位错和结果对力量的贡献。在这篇综述中，重点是低温体心立方相（铁素体、贝氏体铁素体和马氏体）在从高强度低合金钢到马氏体时效钢的范围内。提供了关于这些特征的成核和生长的实验和建模数据。审查了可能的加强机制。最后，批判性地讨论了这些类别钢的未来研究领域和挑战。