Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a moderate-yielding legume crop known for its high grain protein content and contribution to soil improvement. It is cultivated under photoperiods ranging from 9 to 17 h, as a spring-sown (in colder locations) or as an autumn-sown crop (in warmer regions). Wild populations require a prolonged cold period, called vernalization, to induce flowering. The key achievement of L. angustifolius domestication was the discovery of two natural mutations (named Ku and Jul) conferring vernalization independence. These mutations are overlapping deletion variants in the promoter of LanFTc1, a homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene. The third deletion, named here as Pal, was recently found in primitive germplasm. In this study, we genotyped L. angustifolius germplasm that differs in domestication status and geographical origin for LanFTc1 alleles, which we then phenotyped to establish flowering time and vernalization responsiveness. The Ku and Jul lines were vernalization-independent and early flowering, wild (Ku) lines were vernalization-dependent and late flowering, whereas the Pal line conferred intermediate phenotype. Three lines representing Ku, Pal, and Ku alleles were subjected to gene expression surveys under 8- and 16-h photoperiods. FT homologs (LanFTa1, LanFTa2, LanFTc1, and LanFTc2) and some genes selected by recent expression quantitative trait loci mapping were analyzed. Expression profiles of LanFTc1 and LanAGL8 (AGAMOUS-like 8) matched observed differences in flowering time between genotypes, highlighted by high induction after vernalization in the Ku line. Moreover, these genes revealed altered circadian clock control in Pal line under short days. LanFD (FD) and LanCRLK1 (CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-REGULATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1) were negatively responsive to vernalization in Ku and Pal lines but positively responsive or variable in Ku, whereas LanUGT85A2 (UDP-GLUCOSYL TRANSFERASE 85A2) was significantly suppressed by vernalization in all lines. Such a pattern suggests the opposite regulation of these gene pairs in the vernalization pathway. LanCRLK1 and LanUGT85A2 are homologs of A. thaliana genes involved in the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) vernalization pathway. Lupins, like many other legumes, do not have any FLC homologs. Therefore, candidate genes surveyed in this study, namely LanFTc1, LanAGL8, LanCRLK1, and LanUGT85A2, may constitute anchors for further elucidation of molecular components contributing to vernalization response in legumes.

羽扇豆羽扇豆（羽扇豆L.）是一种中等产量的豆类作物，以其高谷物蛋白含量和对土壤改良的贡献而著称。它在9至17小时的光周期下栽培，春季播种（在较冷的地方）或秋季播种（在较暖的地区）。野生种群需要较长的寒冷期，即所谓的春化，才能诱导开花。的关键成就安氏古铜 驯化是发现两个自然突变（命名为 苦 和 七月）赋予春化独立性。这些突变是启动子中的重叠缺失变体。LanFTc1，是 拟南芥开花的花T （金融时报）基因。第三个删除，在此命名为朋友最近在原始种质中被发现。在这项研究中，我们进行了基因分型安氏古铜 种质的驯化状况和地理起源不同 LanFTc1等位基因，然后我们对它们进行表型分析以建立开花时间和春化反应能力。的苦 和 七月 品系不依赖于春化，早开花，野生（苦）系依赖于春化处理，且开花较晚，而 好朋友系赋予中间表型。三行代表苦， 朋友和 苦 等位基因在8和16小时的光周期下进行基因表达调查。 金融时报 同系物（LanFTa1， LanFTa2， LanFTc1和 LanFTc2），并分析了最近表达定量性状基因座图谱筛选的一些基因。的表达谱LanFTc1 和 LanAGL8 （酷似8）匹配基因型之间观察到的开花时间差异，突出显示为春化后的高诱导 苦线。此外，这些基因揭示了昼夜节律控制的改变朋友 短线下线。 局域网 （FD）和 LanCRLK1 （钙/钙调蛋白调节的受体样激酶1）对春季的负面反应 苦 和 朋友 行，但积极响应或可变 苦，而 LanUGT85A2 （UDP-葡萄糖基转移酶85A2）被所有系中的春化处理显着抑制。这种模式表明在春化途径中这些基因对的相反调控。LanCRLK1 和 LanUGT85A2 是的同系物 拟南芥 参与基因 花的位置C （FLC）的春化途径。羽扇豆与其他许多豆科植物一样，没有任何FLC同系物。因此，在这项研究中调查的候选基因，即LanFTc1， LanAGL8，LanCRLK1和 LanUGT85A2可能构成锚，进一步阐明有助于豆科植物春化反应的分子成分。