Proteins and peptides have emerged in recent years to treat a wide range of multifaceted diseases such as cancer, diabetes and inflammation. The emergence of polypeptides has yielded advancements in the fields of biopharmaceutical production and formulation. Polypeptides often display poor pharmacokinetics, limited permeability across biological barriers, suboptimal biodistribution, and some proclivity for immunogenicity. Frequent administration of polypeptides is generally required to maintain adequate therapeutic levels, which can limit efficacy and compliance while increasing adverse reactions. Many strategies to increase the duration of action of therapeutic polypeptides have been described with many clinical products having been developed. This review describes approaches to optimise polypeptide delivery organised by the commonly used routes of administration. Future innovations in formulation may hold the key to the continued successful development of proteins and peptides with optimal clinical properties.

中文翻译：

---

延长蛋白质和肽药物作用的注射剂和储库


近年来出现的蛋白质和肽可以治疗多种疾病，例如癌症、糖尿病和炎症。多肽的出现使生物制药生产和制剂领域取得了进步。多肽通常表现出较差的药代动力学、穿过生物屏障的渗透性有限、次优的生物分布以及一些免疫原性倾向。通常需要频繁施用多肽来维持足够的治疗水平，这会限制功效和依从性，同时增加不良反应。已经描述了许多增加治疗性多肽作用持续时间的策略，并开发了许多临床产品。本综述描述了按常用给药途径组织的优化多肽递送的方法。未来配方创新可能是持续成功开发具有最佳临床特性的蛋白质和肽的关键。