Cultured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar are of international socioeconomic value, and the process of domestication has resulted in significant behavioural, morphological, and allelic differences from wild populations. Substantial evidence indicates that direct genetic interactions or interbreeding between wild and escaped farmed Atlantic salmon occurs, genetically altering wild salmon and reducing population viability. However, genetic interactions may also occur through ecological mechanisms (e.g. disease, parasites, predation, competition), both in conjunction with and in the absence of interbreeding. Here we examine existing evidence for ecological and non-reproductive genetic interactions between domestic Atlantic salmon and wild populations and the potential use of genetic and genomic tools to resolve these impacts. Our review identified examples of genetic changes resulting from ecological processes, predominately through pathogen or parasite transmission. In addition, many examples were identified where aquaculture activities have either altered the selective landscape experienced by wild populations or resulted in reductions in population abundance, both of which are consistent with the widespread occurrence of indirect genetic changes. We further identify opportunities for genetic or genomic methods to quantify these impacts, though careful experimental design and pre-impact comparisons are often needed to accurately attribute genetic change to aquaculture activities. Our review indicates that ecological and non-reproductive genetic interactions are important, and further study is urgently needed to support an integrated understanding of aquaculture-ecosystem interactions, their implications for ecosystem stability, and the development of potential mitigation and management strategies.

中文翻译：

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杂交之外：鲑鱼养殖的非繁殖生态相互作用对野生种群的遗传影响

养殖的大西洋鲑鱼 Salmo salar 具有国际社会经济价值，驯化过程导致与野生种群的行为、形态和等位基因显着差异。大量证据表明，野生和逃逸的养殖大西洋鲑鱼之间发生了直接的遗传相互作用或杂交，从而改变了野生鲑鱼的基因并降低了种群生存能力。然而，遗传相互作用也可能通过生态机制（例如疾病、寄生虫、捕食、竞争）发生，无论是在有杂交的情况下还是在没有杂交的情况下。在这里，我们研究了国内大西洋鲑鱼和野生种群之间生态和非繁殖遗传相互作用的现有证据，以及遗传和基因组工具解决这些影响的潜在用途。我们的审查确定了由生态过程引起的遗传变化的例子，主要是通过病原体或寄生虫传播。此外，还确定了许多例子，其中水产养殖活动改变了野生种群经历的选择性景观或导致种群数量减少，这两者都与间接遗传变化的广泛发生一致。我们进一步确定遗传或基因组方法来量化这些影响的机会，尽管通常需要仔细的实验​​设计和影响前比较才能准确地将遗传变化归因于水产养殖活动。我们的评论表明生态和非生殖遗传相互作用很重要，