New generators located far from consumption centers require transmission infrastructure and increase network losses. The primary objective of this paper is to study signals that affect the location of generation investment. Such signals result from the electricity market itself and from additional regulatory instruments. We cluster them into five groups: locational electricity markets, deep grid connection charges, grid usage charges, capacity mechanisms, and renewable energy support schemes. We review the use of instruments in twelve major power systems and discuss relevant properties, including a quantitative estimate of their strength. We find that most systems use multiple instruments in parallel, and none of the identified instruments prevails. The signals vary between locations by up to 20 EUR per MWh. Such a difference is significant when compared to the levelized costs of combined cycle plants of 64-72 EUR per MWh in Europe.

中文翻译：

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区位投资信号：如何在电力系统中引导新一代容量的选址？

远离消费中心的新发电机需要传输基础设施并增加网络损耗。本文的主要目的是研究影响发电投资地点的信号。这些信号来自电力市场本身和额外的监管工具。我们将它们分为五组：位置电力市场、深度电网连接费用、电网使用费用、容量机制和可再生能源支持计划。我们回顾了十二个主要电力系统中仪器的使用，并讨论了相关属性，包括对其强度的定量估计。我们发现大多数系统并行使用多个仪器，并且没有一个已识别的仪器占优势。信号在不同地点之间的差异高达每兆瓦时 20 欧元。