Constructing a sustainable landscape pattern from the perspective of landscape sustainability is scientifically built on the clarification of the formation mechanisms of landscape services and their relationships. However, the trade-offs and synergies of landscape services have regional heterogeneity, and their influencing factors are largely unknown in polar ecosystem. The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a unique but fragile ecosystem, and its landscape services are vital components to the sustainability in this specific polar region. This study sought to understand the landscape service relationships, their dynamics and influencing factors, and achieve a sustainable landscape management in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. In this work, we evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution and relationships of multiple landscape services including soil retention (SR), water yield (WY), habitat quality (HQ), crop supply (CS) and livestock supply (LS). We further identified temperature, elevation, population size, land use and land cover (LULC) as influencing factors on landscape services relationships within specific landscape gradients. Our results show that: (1) SR, WY and HQ decreased significantly from the southeast to the northwest. (2) Regulating services-supporting services are mainly identified as synergies, and CS–HQ and CS–LS are manifested as trade-offs. (3) Geophysical factors (temperature, altitude) have impact on the distribution of CS and the trade-off and synergistic dynamics of WY–HQ, increased population size enhances CS–HQ trade-offs, while between supporting and regulating services show trade-offs in high-coverage grassland and unused land. The quantitative assessment of landscape services and relationships provides the basis for sustainable landscape management in the context of national policies and climate change.

中文翻译：

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青藏高原多种景观服务的关系及其影响因素

从景观可持续性的角度构建可持续的景观格局，科学地建立在明确景观服务形成机制及其相互关系的基础上。然而，景观服务的权衡和协同具有区域异质性，其影响因素在极地生态系统中很大程度上未知。青藏高原是一个独特但脆弱的生态系统，其景观服务是这一特定极地地区可持续发展的重要组成部分。本研究旨在了解青藏高原的景观服务关系及其动态和影响因素，以实现可持续的景观管理。在这项工作中，我们评估了多种景观服务的时空分布和关系，包括土壤保持 (SR)、产水量 (WY)、栖息地质量 (HQ)、作物供应 (CS) 和牲畜供应 (LS)。我们进一步确定了温度、海拔、人口规模、土地利用和土地覆盖 (LULC) 作为特定景观梯度内景观服务关系的影响因素。我们的研究结果表明：（1）SR、WY 和 HQ 从东南向西北显着下降。(2) 监管服务支持服务主要被确定为协同效应，CS-HQ 和 CS-LS 表现为权衡。(3) 地球物理因素（温度、海拔）对 CS 的分布以及 WY-HQ 的权衡和协同动态有影响，人口规模的增加增强了 CS-HQ 的权衡，而支持和调节服务之间表现出权衡 -高覆盖草地和未利用地。