Globally, temperate grasslands have been significantly degraded as a result of urbanisation, grazing and agriculture. Weeds now dominate most of these ecosystems, resulting in the loss of ecosystem services, reduced carrying capacity for farmers, and reduction of habitat for native plants and animals. This paper reviews the literature relating to temperate grassland restoration efforts across the globe, noting which techniques and combinations have been used successfully to reduce weed dominance and promote native recruitment and establishment. This review concludes that, using a combination of four restoration techniques, provided the highest level of success, with the caveat that, ongoing weed management should be budgeted for in all projects. There is no single optimal method for restoration and weed control, with success depending on specific site conditions and the scope and aims of particular projects. However, any form of target plant transfer was observed to significantly enhance the restoration's success and reduce exotic plant biomass. There is clearly a need for an increase in long‐term monitoring of restoration projects in order to make more confident assumptions.

中文翻译：

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用于全球温带草原景观尺度恢复的杂草管理

在全球范围内，由于城市化，放牧和农业，温带草原已经严重退化。现在，杂草在大多数这些生态系统中占主导地位，导致生态系统服务丧失，农民的承载能力下降以及本地动植物的栖息地减少。本文回顾了有关全球温带草原恢复工作的文献，指出哪些技术和组合已成功用于减少杂草优势并促进本地招募和建立。这项审查得出的结论是，结合使用四种修复技术，可以提供最高水平的成功，但需要注意的是，在所有项目中都应对正在进行的杂草管理进行预算。没有单一的最佳方法来修复和控制杂草，是否成功取决于特定的现场条件以及特定项目的范围和目标。但是，观察到任何形式的目标植物转移均可显着增强修复的成功并减少外来植物生物量。显然，有必要增加对恢复项目的长期监控，以便做出更可靠的假设。