Polyploidization influences the genetic composition and gene expression of an organism. This multi-level genetic change allows the formation of new regulatory pathways leading to increased adaptability. Although both forms of polyploidization provide advantages, autopolyploids were long thought to have little impact on plant divergence compared to allopolyploids due to their formation through genome duplication only, rather than in combination with hybridization. Recent advances have begun to clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms such as microRNAs, alternative splicing, RNA-binding proteins, histone modifications, chromatin remodelling, DNA methylation, and N6 -methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation underlying the evolutionary success of polyploids. Such research is expanding our understanding of the evolutionary adaptability of polyploids and the regulatory pathways that allow adaptive plasticity in a variety of plant species. Herein we review the roles of individual molecular regulatory mechanisms and their potential synergistic pathways underlying plant evolution and adaptation. Notably, increasing interest in m6A methylation has provided a new component in potential mechanistic coordination that is still predominantly unexplored. Future research should attempt to identify and functionally characterize the evolutionary impact of both individual and synergistic pathways in polyploid plant species.

中文翻译：

---

多倍体植物适应性的分子调控机制

多倍化影响生物体的遗传组成和基因表达。这种多层次的遗传变化允许形成新的调节途径，从而提高适应性。尽管两种形式的多倍体化都具有优势，但长期以来一直认为与异源多倍体相比，同源多倍体对植物分化的影响很小，因为它们仅通过基因组复制而不是与杂交结合形成。最近的进展已经开始阐明分子调控机制，例如 microRNA、可变剪接、RNA 结合蛋白、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑、DNA 甲基化和 N6-甲基腺苷 (m6A) RNA 甲基化，这些机制是多倍体进化成功的基础。此类研究正在扩大我们对多倍体的进化适应性和允许各种植物物种适应性可塑性的调节途径的理解。在此，我们回顾了个体分子调控机制的作用及其潜在的植物进化和适应潜在协同途径。值得注意的是，对 m6A 甲基化的兴趣日益增加，为潜在的机械协调提供了一个新的组成部分，该部分仍然主要是未开发的。未来的研究应该尝试识别和功能表征多倍体植物物种中个体和协同途径的进化影响。在此，我们回顾了个体分子调控机制的作用及其潜在的植物进化和适应潜在协同途径。值得注意的是，对 m6A 甲基化的兴趣日益增加，这为潜在的机械协调提供了一个新的组成部分，但仍然主要是未开发的。未来的研究应该尝试识别和功能表征多倍体植物物种中个体和协同途径的进化影响。在此，我们回顾了个体分子调控机制的作用及其潜在的植物进化和适应潜在协同途径。值得注意的是，对 m6A 甲基化的兴趣日益增加，这为潜在的机械协调提供了一个新的组成部分，但仍然主要是未开发的。未来的研究应该尝试识别和功能表征多倍体植物物种中个体和协同途径的进化影响。