Soil biodiversity has become a hot research topic base on its important role in maintaining the stability of soil function. This study examined the impacts of long-term (36 years) management practices on the soil microbial community. We employed high-throughput sequencing to determine the diversity and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities under different long-term management practices in a fertilizer application experiment that started in 1981. The following fertilizer treatments were compared with a control treatment without fertilizer: nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), straw cover plus nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NPCS), and irrigation plus nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (NPIR). Inorganic fertilizer significantly increased the soil moisture contents and most of the soil nutrient levels, and straw cover was better at retaining soil moisture and nutrients than irrigation. The bacterial and fungal α-diversity in the NP treatment did not differ from those in the control (p > .05). In addition, there were no differences in the bacterial α-diversity in NPCS and NPIR. However, there was a significant increase in the α-diversity of the fungal community under straw cover compared with the irrigation treatment (p < .05). Soil characteristics such as the moisture content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen and total phosphorus made equally important contributions to the bacterial and fungal communities according to redundancy analysis. Therefore, we speculated that straw cover was useful to improve soil bioactivity with a rich and stable microbial ecosystem. The results of this study provide theoretical data for the protection of soil microbial diversity.

中文翻译：

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西北地区施肥、秸秆覆盖和灌溉管理36年后土壤细菌和真菌的响应

土壤生物多样性因其在维持土壤功能稳定中的重要作用而成为研究热点。本研究考察了长期（36 年）管理实践对土壤微生物群落的影响。在 1981 年开始的施肥试验中，我们采用高通量测序来确定不同长期管理实践下细菌和真菌群落的多样性和组成。以下施肥处理与不施肥的对照处理进行了比较：氮和磷肥（NP）、秸秆覆盖加氮磷肥（NPCS）、灌溉加氮磷肥（NPIR）。无机肥显着提高了土壤水分含量和大部分土壤养分水平，秸秆覆盖比灌溉更能保持土壤水分和养分。NP 处理中的细菌和真菌 α 多样性与对照中的没有差异（p  > .05）。此外，NPCS 和 NPIR 中细菌 α 多样性没有差异。然而，与灌溉处理相比，秸秆覆盖下真菌群落的 α 多样性显着增加 ( p  < .05)。根据冗余分析，土壤水分含量、土壤有机质、总氮、碱水解氮和总磷等土壤特征对细菌和真菌群落的贡献同样重要。因此，我们推测秸秆覆盖具有丰富而稳定的微生物生态系统，有助于提高土壤生物活性。本研究结果为土壤微生物多样性的保护提供了理论数据。