• Pre‐Columbian crop movement remains poorly understood, hampering a good interpretation of the domestication and diversification of Neotropical crops. To provide new insights into pre‐Columbian crop movement, we applied spatial genetics to identify and compare dispersal routes of three American crops between Mesoamerica and the Andes, two important centres of pre‐Columbian crop and cultural diversity.
• Our analysis included georeferenced simple‐sequence repeats (SSR) marker datasets of 1852 genotypes of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), a perennial fruit crop that became underutilised in the Americas after the European conquest, 770 genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) and 476 genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
• Our findings show that humans brought cherimoya from Mesoamerica to present Peru through long‐distance sea‐trade routes across the Pacific Ocean at least 4700 yr bp, after more ancient dispersion of maize and other crops through the Mesoamerican isthmus over land and near‐coastal waters.
• To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of pre‐Columbian crop movement between Mesoamerica and the Andes across the Pacific Ocean providing new insights into pre‐Columbian crop exchange in the Americas. We propose that cherimoya represents a wider group of perennial fruit crops dispersed by humans via sea‐trade routes between Mesoamerica and the Andes across the Pacific Ocean.

中文翻译：

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全新世的陆地和海洋贸易路线解释了哥伦布时期前农作物散布的复杂模式

• 哥伦布前时期的作物运动仍然知之甚少，妨碍了对新热带作物的驯化和多样化的良好解释。为了提供有关哥伦布前作物生长的新见解，我们应用了空间遗传学来识别和比较三种美洲农作物在中美洲和安第斯山脉之间的传播途径，这两个国家是哥伦布前作物和文化多样性的重要中心。
• 我们的分析包括cherimoya（Annona cherimola Mill）1852个基因型的地理参考简单序列重复（SSR）标记数据集，这是一种多年生水果，在欧洲被征服后在美洲未得到充分利用，共有770个基因型的玉米（Zea mays L.）和476个基因型的普通豆（菜豆）。
• 我们的发现表明，在玉米和其他农作物通过中美洲地峡在陆地和近岸水域进行更古老的分散之后，人类从中美洲将毛叶番荔枝从太平洋沿岸的长距离海上贸易路线带到了秘鲁，至少4700 bp。 。
• 据我们所知，这是中美洲与安第斯山脉之间横跨太平洋的哥伦布前农作物移动的第一个证据，为美洲的哥伦布前农作物交换提供了新见解。我们认为，毛叶番荔枝代表着人类通过中美洲和安第斯山脉之间跨太平洋的海上贸易路线散布的更广泛的多年生水果作物。