Tulip poplar is an important component of the eastern deciduous forest and one of the few diffuse‐porous tree species with indeterminate apical growth in North America for which there are substantial dendroecological data. This dendroecological study evaluated correlations between radial growth of tulip poplar and monthly, seasonal, and annual climate variables and how these correlations varied across time and spatial climate gradients. The strongest and most spatially consistent correlations were with climate variables related to site water balance, especially precipitation. Growth was positively correlated with climate variables related to site water balance during the months of May through July of the year the annual ring forms and during the previous year growing season and autumn. Growth was negatively correlated with prior year growing season maximum temperature, but positively correlated with prior winter minimum temperature. There was some evidence of temporal variation in growth–climate associations between 1900 and 2016, but the climate variables with the strongest associations were consistent across different time periods. Correlations with climate variables related to water stress increased from east to west as precipitation decreased, but there was no spatial trend in correlations with growing season temperature from north to south as temperature increases. Strength of positive correlations with winter temperature increased from north to south. Growth of tulip poplar will likely be adversely affected if drought frequency or severity increases during the twenty‐first century. Increased winter temperature would likely have a positive influence on growth during the subsequent growing season in some parts of the species range. Radial growth of tulip poplar is most affected by climate conditions during a narrow time period early in the growing season, similar to results obtained for multiple oak species and a few other diffuse‐porous species in eastern North America. Simulation modelers might consider the phenology of these correlations to formulate more biologically realistic tree climate response functions.

中文翻译：

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郁金香杨树（Liriodendron tulipifera）对美国东部气候的径向生长响应

郁金香杨树是东部落叶林的重要组成部分，是北美有少量树状生态学数据的少数不定顶端生长的散孔树种之一。这项树状生态学研究评估了郁金香杨树径向生长与月度，季节和年度气候变量之间的相关性，以及这些相关性如何随时间和空间气候梯度而变化。与场地水平衡特别是降水有关的气候变量之间的相关性最强，且在空间上最一致。在年轮形成的五月到七月之间以及前一年的生长季节和秋天，生长与与场地水分平衡有关的气候变量成正相关。生长与上一年生长期最高温度呈负相关，但与先前冬天最低温度呈正相关。有一些证据表明，1900年至2016年间，生长与气候的关联存在时间变化，但关联性最强的气候变量在不同时期是一致的。随着降水的减少，与水分胁迫相关的气候变量的相关性从东向西增加，但随着温度的升高，与北向南生长季节温度的相关性没有空间趋势。与冬季温度呈正相关的强度从北向南增加。如果二十一世纪干旱频率或严重程度增加，郁金香杨树的生长可能会受到不利影响。冬季温度升高可能会在该物种范围的某些部分的后续生长期对生长产生积极影响。郁金香杨树的径向生长在生长期早期的狭窄时间内受气候条件的影响最大，这与北美东部多个橡树种和一些其他弥散多孔树种获得的结果相似。仿真建模者可能会考虑这些相关的物候，以制定生物学上更现实的树木气候响应函数。与北美东部多个橡树种和一些其他弥散多孔树种获得的结果相似。仿真建模者可能会考虑这些相关的物候，以制定生物学上更现实的树木气候响应函数。与北美东部多个橡树种和一些其他弥散多孔树种获得的结果相似。仿真建模者可能会考虑这些相关的物候，以制定生物学上更现实的树木气候响应函数。