Estimating Consumers at Risk from Drinking Elevated Lead Concentrations: An Iowa Case Study,Environmental Science & Technology Letters

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Estimating Consumers at Risk from Drinking Elevated Lead Concentrations: An Iowa Case Study
Environmental Science & Technology Letters ( IF 8.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-20 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00753
Amina Grant ₁ , Michelle M. Scherer ₁ , Danielle Land ₁ , David M. Cwiertny _{1,

2,

3} , Marc A. Edwards ₄ , Jerry Mount ₁ , Drew E. Latta ₁

Affiliation

The Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) addresses lead in drinking water through utility-centric monitoring in high risk homes, corrosion control, and public education. These utility-centric activities, however, do not provide adequate information on lead concentrations in individual homes and leave an unknown number of consumers at risk from drinking water lead. To assess the number of consumers at risk from drinking elevated lead concentrations, we mined 166,554 lead samples taken for LCR compliance in Iowa and developed a new approach for estimating the number of consumers at risk. We estimate that 65,000 ± 14,000 people in Iowa are at risk from drinking water lead above the U.S. EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb) each year. We further explored the average household sampling rates of community water systems (CWSs) of different population sizes, where, overall, 8.6% of homes in an Iowa CWS are sampled. Our estimates indicate that, even in the absence of a lead-in-water crisis, a significant number of people are at risk from lead concentrations exceeding available guidelines, raising concerns about the severity of baseline lead concentrations in drinking water nationwide. Our analysis highlights that consumer-centric lead in drinking water policies and avoidance strategies are needed to ensure public protection.

中文翻译：

估计因饮用铅浓度升高而处于危险之中的消费者：爱荷华州的案例研究

铅和铜规则（LCR）通过在高风险家庭，腐蚀控制和公共教育中以公用事业为中心的监控解决饮用水中的铅。但是，这些以公用事业为中心的活动没有提供有关单个房屋中铅浓度的足够信息，并且未知受饮水铅危害的消费者数量。为了评估因饮用铅浓度升高而有风险的消费者数量，我们在爱荷华州提取了166,554份符合LCR要求的铅样品，并开发了一种新方法来估算有风险的消费者数量。我们估计，衣阿华州有65,000±14,000人面临饮用水铅的危险，其铅污染水平超过美国EPA每年15亿分之十的行动水平。我们进一步探讨了不同人口规模的社区供水系统（CWS）的平均家庭抽样率，其中，爱荷华州CWS的总体住房抽样率为8.6％。我们的估算表明，即使在没有铅水危机的情况下，也有相当多的人面临铅浓度超出可用准则的风险，引起了人们对全国饮用水中铅浓度的严重性的担忧。我们的分析强调，需要以消费者为中心的饮用水政策和避免策略的领导，以确保公共保护。

更新日期：2020-12-08

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