Due to the longer auto-ignition time with liquid fuels compared with hydrogen, understanding the interaction of shock waves with sprays and subsequent vapor mixing is significant for designing ramjets/scramjets with liquid fuel sprays. In this study, an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework is developed based on the OpenFOAM platform. In this solver, detailed multicomponent transport models for Eulerian gas-phase species properties are included. In addition, Lagrangian spray break-up, atomization, and evaporation models are added to simulate liquid phase, and an equilibrium wall function is added to model the near-wall properties. The newly developed solver is used to conduct large eddy simulations on nonreactive liquid jets in supersonic crossflow with liquid sprays. The liquid penetration length is compared with the experimental data, showing a very good agreement. Effects of evaporation and fuel properties (e.g., heat capacity and enthalpy of evaporation) on penetration length, temperature, Sauter mean diameter, and volumetric parcel flux are discussed in this study. It is shown that evaporation effects primarily show up in the temperature field. For n-heptane sprays, such impact could be conducted to other properties of the flow field like spray plume size, particle size distribution, and volumetric flux, which is caused by the smaller enthalpy of evaporation and heat capacity compared to water.

中文翻译：

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蒸发和燃料特性对超音速横流中液体射流的影响：使用可压缩欧拉-拉格朗日求解器的计算研究

由于与氢相比液体燃料的自动点火时间更长，因此了解冲击波与喷雾的相互作用以及随后的蒸汽混合对于设计带有液体燃料喷雾的冲压喷气发动机/超燃冲压发动机至关重要。在这项研究中，基于OpenFOAM平台开发了一个欧拉-拉格朗日框架。在此求解器中，包含了针对欧拉气相物种性质的详细多组分传输模型。此外，添加了拉格朗日喷雾破裂，雾化和蒸发模型来模拟液相，并添加了平衡壁函数来模拟近壁特性。新开发的求解器用于对超音速横流与液体喷雾的非反应性液体射流进行大型涡流模拟。将液体渗透长度与实验数据进行比较，表现出很好的协议。在这项研究中讨论了蒸发和燃料特性（例如，热容量和蒸发焓）对穿透长度，温度，索特平均直径和包裹体积通量的影响。结果表明，蒸发效应主要出现在温度场中。对于正庚烷喷雾，这种影响可能会影响流场的其他属性，例如喷雾羽的大小，​​粒径分布和体积通量，这是由于蒸发和热容较水小而引起的。结果表明，蒸发效应主要出现在温度场中。对于正庚烷喷雾，这种影响可能会影响流场的其他属性，例如喷雾羽的大小，​​粒径分布和体积通量，这是由于蒸发和热容较水小而引起的。结果表明，蒸发效应主要出现在温度场中。对于正庚烷喷雾，这种影响可能会影响流场的其他属性，例如喷雾羽的大小，​​粒径分布和体积通量，这是由于蒸发和热容较水小而引起的。