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Identifying geologic characteristics and operational decisions to meet global carbon sequestration goals
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-20 , DOI: 10.1039/d0ee02488k Richard S. Middleton 1, 2, 3 , Jonathan D. Ogland-Hand 4, 5, 6, 7 , Bailian Chen 1, 2, 3 , Jeffrey M. Bielicki 3, 8, 9 , Kevin M. Ellett 3, 10, 11, 11, 12 , Dylan R. Harp 1, 2, 3 , Ryan M. Kammer 3, 10, 11
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-20 , DOI: 10.1039/d0ee02488k Richard S. Middleton 1, 2, 3 , Jonathan D. Ogland-Hand 4, 5, 6, 7 , Bailian Chen 1, 2, 3 , Jeffrey M. Bielicki 3, 8, 9 , Kevin M. Ellett 3, 10, 11, 11, 12 , Dylan R. Harp 1, 2, 3 , Ryan M. Kammer 3, 10, 11
Affiliation
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Geologic carbon sequestration is the process of injecting and storing CO2 in subsurface reservoirs and is an essential technology for global environmental security (e.g., climate change mitigation) and economic security (e.g., CO2 tax credits). To meet energy, economic, and environmental goals, society will have to identify vast volumes of high-capacity, low-cost, and viable storage reservoirs for sequestering CO2. In turn, this requires understanding how major geologic characteristics (such as reservoir depth, thickness, permeability, porosity, and temperature) and design and operational decisions (such as injection well spacing) impact CO2 injection rates, storage capacity, and economics. Although many numerical simulation tools exist, they cannot repeat the required thousands or millions of simulations to identify ideal reservoir properties and the sensitivity and interaction between geologic parameters and operational decisions. Here, we use SCO2T (pronounced “Scott”; ![[S with combining low line]](https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_0053_0332.gif)
equestration of ![[C with combining low line]](https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_0043_0332.gif)
![[O with combining low line]](https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_004f_0332.gif)
![[2 with combining low line]](https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_0032_0332.gif)
![[T with combining low line]](https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_0054_0332.gif)
ool)—a fast-running, reduced-order modeling framework—to explore the sensitivity of major geologic parameters and operational decisions to engineering (CO2 injection rates, plume dimensions, and storage capacities and effectiveness) and costs. Our results show, for the first time, benefits and impacts such as allowing CO2 plumes to overlap, how different well spacing patterns affect CO2 sequestration, the effects on costs of including brine treatment and disposal, and the effect of restricting injection rates to 1 MtCO2 per y based on well limitations. We reveal multiple novel and unintuitive findings including: (i) deeper reservoirs have reduced carbon sequestration costs until injection rates reach 1 MtCO2 per y, at which point deeper reservoirs become more expensive, (ii) thicker formations allow for increased injection rates and storage capacity, but thickness barely impacts plume areas, (iii) higher geothermal gradients result in reduced sequestration costs, unless brine treatment/disposal costs are included, at which point reservoirs having lower geothermal gradients are more economical because they produce less brine for each unit of injected CO2, and (iv) allowing plumes to overlap has a significantly positive impact of increasing storage capacities but has only a small influence on reducing sequestration costs. Overall, our results illustrate new scientific conclusions to help identify suitable sites to inject and store CO2, to help understand the complex interaction between geology and resulting costs, and to help support the pursuit of meeting global sequestration targets.
中文翻译：
确定地质特征和运营决策，以满足全球碳固存目标
地质固碳是在地下储层中注入和储存CO 2的过程，并且是实现全球环境安全（例如，缓解气候变化）和经济安全（例如，CO 2税收抵免）的重要技术。为了实现能源，经济和环境目标，社会将不得不确定大量的高容量，低成本和可行的储存库来隔离CO 2。反过来，这需要了解主要的地质特征（例如储层深度，厚度，渗透率，孔隙度和温度）以及设计和运行决策（例如注入井间距）如何影响CO 2。注入速率，存储容量和经济性。尽管存在许多数值模拟工具，但它们无法重复所需的数千或数百万次模拟，以识别理想的储层特性以及地质参数与作业决策之间的敏感性和相互作用。在这里，我们使用SCO 2 T（发音为“ Scott”；ool的渗出）-一种快速运行的，降阶的建模框架-来探索主要地质参数和运营决策对工程的敏感性（CO 2注入速率，羽状尺寸） ，以及存储容量和效果）和成本。我们的结果首次显示了好处和影响，例如允许CO 2羽流重叠，不同的井距模式如何影响CO 2隔离，对包括盐水处理和处置在内的成本的影响，以及基于油井限制将注入速率限制为每年1 MtCO 2的影响。我们揭示了多个新颖且不直观的发现，包括：（i）更深的储层降低了固碳成本，直到注入速率达到每年1 MtCO 2为止，此时更深的储层变得更加昂贵；（ii）较厚的地层可以提高注入速率和存储（iii）较高的地热梯度会降低固碳成本，除非包括盐水处理/处置成本，这时具有较低地热梯度的储层更经济，因为它们每生产一单位的盐水量较少注入CO如图2所示，并且（iv）羽流重叠对增加存储容量具有明显的积极影响，但对降低封存成本影响很小。总体而言，我们的结果表明了新的科学结论，可帮助确定合适的注入和储存CO 2的场所，有助于理解地质学和由此产生的成本之间的复杂相互作用，并有助于支持实现全球封存目标。
更新日期：2020-11-03
equestration of ool)—a fast-running, reduced-order modeling framework—to explore the sensitivity of major geologic parameters and operational decisions to engineering (CO2 injection rates, plume dimensions, and storage capacities and effectiveness) and costs. Our results show, for the first time, benefits and impacts such as allowing CO2 plumes to overlap, how different well spacing patterns affect CO2 sequestration, the effects on costs of including brine treatment and disposal, and the effect of restricting injection rates to 1 MtCO2 per y based on well limitations. We reveal multiple novel and unintuitive findings including: (i) deeper reservoirs have reduced carbon sequestration costs until injection rates reach 1 MtCO2 per y, at which point deeper reservoirs become more expensive, (ii) thicker formations allow for increased injection rates and storage capacity, but thickness barely impacts plume areas, (iii) higher geothermal gradients result in reduced sequestration costs, unless brine treatment/disposal costs are included, at which point reservoirs having lower geothermal gradients are more economical because they produce less brine for each unit of injected CO2, and (iv) allowing plumes to overlap has a significantly positive impact of increasing storage capacities but has only a small influence on reducing sequestration costs. Overall, our results illustrate new scientific conclusions to help identify suitable sites to inject and store CO2, to help understand the complex interaction between geology and resulting costs, and to help support the pursuit of meeting global sequestration targets.
中文翻译：
确定地质特征和运营决策，以满足全球碳固存目标
地质固碳是在地下储层中注入和储存CO 2的过程，并且是实现全球环境安全（例如，缓解气候变化）和经济安全（例如，CO 2税收抵免）的重要技术。为了实现能源，经济和环境目标，社会将不得不确定大量的高容量，低成本和可行的储存库来隔离CO 2。反过来，这需要了解主要的地质特征（例如储层深度，厚度，渗透率，孔隙度和温度）以及设计和运行决策（例如注入井间距）如何影响CO 2。注入速率，存储容量和经济性。尽管存在许多数值模拟工具，但它们无法重复所需的数千或数百万次模拟，以识别理想的储层特性以及地质参数与作业决策之间的敏感性和相互作用。在这里，我们使用SCO 2 T（发音为“ Scott”；
ool的渗出）-一种快速运行的，降阶的建模框架-来探索主要地质参数和运营决策对工程的敏感性（CO 2注入速率，羽状尺寸） ，以及存储容量和效果）和成本。我们的结果首次显示了好处和影响，例如允许CO 2羽流重叠，不同的井距模式如何影响CO 2隔离，对包括盐水处理和处置在内的成本的影响，以及基于油井限制将注入速率限制为每年1 MtCO 2的影响。我们揭示了多个新颖且不直观的发现，包括：（i）更深的储层降低了固碳成本，直到注入速率达到每年1 MtCO 2为止，此时更深的储层变得更加昂贵；（ii）较厚的地层可以提高注入速率和存储（iii）较高的地热梯度会降低固碳成本，除非包括盐水处理/处置成本，这时具有较低地热梯度的储层更经济，因为它们每生产一单位的盐水量较少注入CO如图2所示，并且（iv）羽流重叠对增加存储容量具有明显的积极影响，但对降低封存成本影响很小。总体而言，我们的结果表明了新的科学结论，可帮助确定合适的注入和储存CO 2的场所，有助于理解地质学和由此产生的成本之间的复杂相互作用，并有助于支持实现全球封存目标。
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