Chickpeas, a commonly consumed legume, are the main ingredient in traditional hummus. U.S. dietary guidelines recommend consuming 1–1.5 cups of legumes per week. This study aimed to evaluate temporal changes in hummus and chickpea consumption and describe diet and biomarkers of health in U.S. consumers versus non-consumers. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2016) data were used. Dietary intake was collected using two 24-h recalls; age, gender, and poverty-to-income ratio were adjusted in statistical analyses. The proportion of the population who consumed chickpeas or hummus increased significantly over time. Hummus and chickpea consumers were more likely to obtain recommended legume intake. Consumers had significantly increased intakes of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and decreased added sugars intakes versus non-consumers. Consumers also had lower concentrations of urinary iodine and higher concentrations of serum 4-pyridoxic acid, total vitamin B6, and red blood cell folate. Adults who consumed chickpeas and hummus were 48% and 62% less likely to have metabolic syndrome, respectively. Consuming chickpeas or hummus may be a practical means of improving diet quality and nutritional status. Future work should evaluate whether chronic disease incidence is reduced by chickpea and hummus consumption through better nutrition or lower metabolic syndrome incidence.

中文翻译：

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美国人口中与鹰嘴豆和鹰嘴豆泥消费相关的饮食模式和营养状况

鹰嘴豆是一种常见的豆类，是传统鹰嘴豆泥的主要成分。美国饮食指南建议每周食用 1-1.5 杯豆类。本研究旨在评估鹰嘴豆泥和鹰嘴豆消费量的时间变化，并描述美国消费者与非消费者的饮食和健康生物标志物。使用了国家健康和营养检查调查（2005-2016）数据。使用两次 24 小时召回收集膳食摄入量；在统计分析中调整了年龄、性别和贫困收入比。随着时间的推移，食用鹰嘴豆或鹰嘴豆泥的人口比例显着增加。鹰嘴豆泥和鹰嘴豆消费者更有可能获得推荐的豆类摄入量。消费者显着增加了水果、蔬菜、和全谷物，并与非消费者相比减少了添加糖的摄入量。消费者还具有较低浓度的尿碘和较高浓度的血清 4-吡哆酸、总维生素 B6 和红细胞叶酸。食用鹰嘴豆和鹰嘴豆泥的成年人患代谢综合征的可能性分别降低 48% 和 62%。食用鹰嘴豆或鹰嘴豆泥可能是改善饮食质量和营养状况的实用方法。未来的工作应该评估鹰嘴豆和鹰嘴豆泥的摄入是否通过更好的营养或降低代谢综合征的发生率来降低慢性病的发病率。食用鹰嘴豆和鹰嘴豆泥的成年人患代谢综合征的可能性分别降低 48% 和 62%。食用鹰嘴豆或鹰嘴豆泥可能是改善饮食质量和营养状况的实用方法。未来的工作应该评估鹰嘴豆和鹰嘴豆泥的摄入是否通过更好的营养或降低代谢综合征的发生率来降低慢性病的发病率。食用鹰嘴豆和鹰嘴豆泥的成年人患代谢综合征的可能性分别降低 48% 和 62%。食用鹰嘴豆或鹰嘴豆泥可能是改善饮食质量和营养状况的实用方法。未来的工作应该评估鹰嘴豆和鹰嘴豆泥的摄入是否通过更好的营养或降低代谢综合征的发生率来降低慢性病的发病率。