ABSTRACT Metal ions are beneficial or toxic in part depending on their identity, valence state, and concentration. Antibodies against radioactive metal ions can be used in medical diagnosis and therapy, while antibodies against heavy metal ions are widely used in the trace element analysis of the immunoassay. This review focuses on the recent advances in antibody developments for metal ions and their applications. We exhaustively enumerated 18 chelate or ligand structures for metal hapten synthesis, which were proven to produce antibodies that cover almost 33 metal ions. The binding properties of these antibodies for their corresponding haptens were also discussed both in the structural foundation and molecular foundation. Furthermore, the representative applications of the antibodies used in medical diagnostics and therapy, and immunoassays were summarized. Finally, we illustrated the present challenges in high specific metal ion antibody preparation, and in immunoassay development. The future perspectives were also discussed.

中文翻译：

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金属离子抗体开发及其应用

摘要 金属离子是有益还是有害，部分取决于它们的特性、价态和浓度。抗放射性金属离子抗体可用于医学诊断和治疗，而抗重金属离子抗体则广泛用于免疫分析的微量元素分析。本综述重点关注金属离子抗体开发及其应用的最新进展。我们详尽地列举了用于金属半抗原合成的 18 种螯合物或配体结构，这些结构被证明可以产生涵盖近 33 种金属离子的抗体。这些抗体与其相应半抗原的结合特性也在结构基础和分子基础上进行了讨论。此外，用于医学诊断和治疗的抗体的代表性应用，并对免疫分析进行了总结。最后，我们说明了目前在高特异性金属离子抗体制备和免疫测定开发方面的挑战。还讨论了未来的前景。