Living organisms use musculatures with spatially distributed anisotropic structures to actuate deformations and locomotion with fascinating functions. Replicating such structural features in artificial materials is of great significance yet remains a big challenge. Here, a facile strategy is reported to fabricate hydrogels with elaborate ordered structures of nanosheets (NSs) oriented under a distributed electric field. Multiple electrodes are distributed with various arrangements in the precursor solution containing NSs and gold nanoparticles. A complex electric field induces sophisticated orientations of the NSs that are permanently inscribed by subsequent photo‐polymerization. The resultant anisotropic nanocomposite poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels exhibit rapid deformation upon heating or photoirradiation, owing to the fast switching of permittivity of the media and electric repulsion between the NSs. The complex alignments of NSs and anisotropic shape change of discrete regions result in programmed deformation of the hydrogels into various configurations. Furthermore, locomotion is realized by a spatiotemporal light stimulation that locally triggers time‐variant shape change of the composite hydrogel with complex anisotropic structures. Such a strategy on the basis of the distributed electric‐field‐generated ordered structures should be applicable to gels, elastomers, and thermosets loaded with other anisotropic particles or liquid crystals, for the design of biomimetic/bioinspired materials with specific functionalities.

中文翻译：

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分布式电场诱导纳米片取向以制备具有精细有序结构和程序变形的水凝胶

生物体使用具有空间分布各向异性结构的肌肉组织来驱动具有迷人功能的变形和运动。在人造材料中复制这种结构特征具有重要意义，但仍然是一个巨大的挑战。在这里，报道了一种简单的策略来制造具有在分布式电场下定向的纳米片（NSs）的精细有序结构的水凝胶。多个电极以各种排列分布在含有 NSs 和金纳米粒子的前体溶液中。复杂的电场会导致 NSs 的复杂取向，这些取向通过随后的光聚合作用永久铭刻。所得各向异性纳米复合材料聚（N由于介质介电常数的快速转换和 NS 之间的电排斥，-异丙基丙烯酰胺）水凝胶在加热或光照射下表现出快速变形。NSs 的复杂排列和离散区域的各向异性形状变化导致水凝胶程序变形为各种配置。此外，运动是通过时空光刺激实现的，该光刺激局部触发具有复杂各向异性结构的复合水凝胶的时变形状变化。这种基于分布式电场生成有序结构的策略应该适用于凝胶、弹性体和负载有其他各向异性粒子或液晶的热固性材料，用于设计具有特定功能的仿生/仿生材料。