TRIM (Tripartite motif) and TRIM-like proteins have emerged as an important class of E3 ligases in innate immunity. Their functions range from activation or regulation of innate immune signaling pathway to direct detection and restriction of pathogens. Despite the importance, molecular mechanisms for many TRIM/TRIM-like proteins remain poorly characterized, in part due to challenges of identifying their substrates. In this review, we discuss several TRIM/TRIM-like proteins in RNA sensing pathways and viral restriction functions. We focus on those containing PRY-SPRY, the domain most frequently used for substrate recognition, and discuss emerging mechanisms that are commonly utilized by several TRIM/TRIM-like proteins to tightly control their interaction with the substrates.

TRIM（三部分基序）和 TRIM 样蛋白已成为先天免疫中一类重要的 E3 连接酶。它们的功能范围从激活或调节先天免疫信号通路到直接检测和限制病原体。尽管很重要，但许多 TRIM/TRIM 样蛋白的分子机制仍然知之甚少，部分原因在于识别其底物的挑战。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了 RNA 传感途径和病毒限制功能中的几种 TRIM/TRIM 样蛋白。我们重点关注那些含有 PRY-SPRY（最常用于底物识别的结构域）的蛋白，并讨论了几种 TRIM/TRIM 样蛋白常用来严格控制其与底物相互作用的新兴机制。