The veins in the hind wings of the Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) play active roles in flight and in the folding/unfolding of the hind wing. Wrinkled vein structures are located within the bending zone and are used for folding the hind wing. This paper investigates the coupled effect of wrinkled vein structures within the hind wing of H. axyridis on its deformation. Based on the nanomechanical properties of the veins, morphology of the hind wing, surface structures of the veins, and microstructures of the cross sections (including the veins and wing membranes), four 3-D coupling models (Model I and Model II: variably reduced-modulus veins with and without wrinkles, respectively; Model III and Model IV: uniformly reduced-modulus veins with and without wrinkles, respectively) are established. Relative to the bending and twisting model shapes, Model I has much more flexibility during passive deformation to control wing deformations. The simulation results show that both the wrinkled structures in the bending zone and the variably reduced modulus of the veins contribute to the flight performance (the bending and twisting deformations) of the hind wings, which has important implications for the design of the deployable wings of micro air vehicles (MAVs).

亚洲瓢虫（Harmonia axyridis）的后翅中的静脉在飞行中以及后翅的折叠/展开中都起着积极的作用。起皱的静脉结构位于弯曲区域内，用于折叠后翼。本文研究皱纹静脉结构在后轴螺旋线虫的耦合效应关于它的变形。基于静脉的纳米力学特性，后翼的形态，静脉的表面结构和横截面的微结构（包括静脉和翼膜），四个3-D耦合模型（模型I和模型II：可变减少具有和没有皱纹的模量静脉；模型III和模型IV：分别建立具有和没有皱纹的均匀减少模量的静脉。相对于弯曲和扭曲的模型形状，模型I在被动变形过程中具有更大的灵活性来控制机翼变形。仿真结果表明，弯曲区的褶皱结构和静脉模数的减小均有助于后翼的飞行性能（弯曲变形和扭曲变形），