Abstract—

The modern state of the processes connected with design, calculation, and operation of heaters used in steam turbine regeneration systems is reviewed and analyzed on the basis of data available from domestically published and foreign sources. The existing methods for thermal–hydraulic, strength, and vibration design calculations of apparatuses are described; criteria adopted in designing individual areas of heater heat-transfer surfaces are mentioned, and recommendations on taking into account the heat-transfer surface fouling in analyzing its influence on the apparatus’s thermal-efficiency indicators are given. The possibility of using modern computation tools for designing regeneration system apparatuses is considered. A list of materials from which the apparatus heat-transfer surface tubes are made is given; methods for fixing them in shell-and-tube heaters are mentioned, and the level of stresses recommended for individual tube sections is pointed out. The values of key operating parameters—coolant temperatures, pressures and velocities—are given, which are selected based on the results of designing the apparatuses and with reference to foreign standards and other regulatory documents. Recommendations used by foreign manufacturers of heaters as guidelines for selecting vibration-safe length of free spans and tube fastening methods in the bend zone are given. Failures that most frequently occur during operation of high- and low-pressure heaters are pointed out. Some questions concerned with the technology for repairing the regeneration system heaters used as part of a turbine plant are considered. It is shown that there are differences in arranging the repair system and, especially, in the maintenance of heat-transfer apparatuses as concerns the tools necessary for monitoring the equipment condition. The introduction of new technologies for designing and operating heaters in domestic practice will help keep their efficiency and reliability indicators at a high level.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯和国外热电厂和核电厂蒸汽轮机高压和低压加热器的设计和运行的最新状况和趋势：第二部分。加热器的设计和运行特点

摘要-

基于国内外公开来源的数据，对与汽轮机再生系统中使用的加热器的设计，计算和运行相关的过程的现代状态进行了审查和分析。描述了设备的热工，强度和振动设计计算的现有方法。提到了设计加热器传热表面各个区域所采用的标准，并提出了在分析传热表面结垢对设备热效率指标的影响时考虑传热表面结垢的建议。考虑了使用现代计算工具来设计再生系统设备的可能性。给出了制造设备传热表面管的材料清单；提到了将它们固定在管壳式加热器中的方法，并指出了推荐用于单个管段的应力水平。给出了关键操作参数（冷却液温度，压力和速度）的值，这些参数是根据设备的设计结果并参考国外标准和其他法规文件选择的。给出了国外加热器制造商的建议，作为选择自由跨度的振动安全长度和弯曲区域中管固定方法的指南。指出了在高压和低压加热器运行期间最常发生的故障。考虑了一些与维修用作涡轮机一部分的再生系统加热器的技术有关的问题。结果表明，在维修系统的布置上，特别是在传热设备的维护方面，存在着监测设备状态所必需的工具方面的差异。在国内实践中引入用于设计和操作加热器的新技术将有助于将其效率和可靠性指标保持在较高水平。