Abstract

Egalitarianism, pursuit for equality, and altruism are the most important evolutionarily stable strategies in the human society. This study presents data on the results of economic games for sharing with a potential friend or unfamiliar peer in three ethnic groups of East Africa (Hadza, Iraqw, and Meru). The total sample was 583 children and adolescents; mean age, 13.5 ± 3.1 years. In addition, DNA analysis was carried out and the OXTR gene rs53576 single nucleotide polymorphism was genotyped for 162 Meru individuals. The pronounced individual variability in making decisions on sharing with a potential partner was established. Children and adolescents behaved altruistically towards friends significantly more frequently as compared with strangers. Carriers of the OXTR rs53576 GG variant displayed altruism significantly more frequently both to friends (U = 3376.500, p = 0.047; OR = 3.075, p = 0.032) and to strangers (U = 3478.000, p = 0.025; OR = 3.133, p = 0.007). Significant intergroup differences in egalitarianism, egoism, and altruism were also demonstrated. Data obtained suggest a positive group selection towards altruists.

中文翻译：

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东非三个传统社会中儿童和青少年之间共享有限资源的策略：社会文化和遗传因素

摘要

平等主义，追求平等和利他主义是人类社会中最重要的进化稳定战略。这项研究提供了有关经济博弈结果的数据，以便与东非三个种族（Hadza，伊拉克和梅鲁）的潜在朋友或陌生的同伴分享。样本总数为583名儿童和青少年。平均年龄13.5±3.1岁。另外，进行了DNA分析，并且对162个Meru个体进行了OXTR基因rs53576单核苷酸多态性的基因分型。建立了与潜在合作伙伴共享决策时明显的个人差异性。与陌生人相比，儿童和青少年对朋友的利他行为更为频繁。OXTR的载体rs53576 GG变体向朋友（U = 3376.500，p = 0.047; OR = 3.075，p = 0.032）和陌生人（U = 3478.000，p  = 0.025; OR = 3.133，p = 0.007）显着提高利他行为。在平等主义，利己主义和利他主义中，群体间存在显着差异。获得的数据表明对利他主义者的积极选择。