Current conventional agriculture is considered unsustainable and inadequate to address great societal challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution, food security, dependence on fossil energy as well as the decline of natural resources and biodiversity. Many of these problems are related to agricultural specialization (i.e. monoculture) and the consequent simplification of the agroecosystem. In this respect, efforts aimed at improving individual agronomic techniques and at increasing the use-efficiency of external inputs (e.g. synthetic inputs, fossil fuels), without modifying the structure and functions of the whole system, appear to be insufficient to achieve sustainability in most conventional and intensive farming systems. Current organic farming systems adopting the so-called input substitution approach remain intensive and highly specialized and not necessarily able to significantly improve their sustainability. This would require system diversification and redesign of the agroecosystem to increase the spatial and temporal diversification of all its components and promote positive ecological relationships between them. Agroforestry is an agricultural approach based on the diversification of the agroecosystem production components (woody perennials, such as trees or shrubs, plus crops and/or livestock) and on the intensification of the agroecological relationships between these components. As such, it has transformative potential, providing an opportunity for increasing the sustainability of organic farming. In this article we review how the adoption of agroforestry practices could contribute to increasing sustainability in organic farming, and discuss the challenges and opportunities of this adoption.

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农林业和有机农业

目前的传统农业被认为是不可持续的，不足以应对气候变化、环境污染、粮食安全、对化石能源的依赖以及自然资源和生物多样性下降等重大社会挑战。其中许多问题与农业专业化（即单一栽培）和随之而来的农业生态系统的简化有关。在这方面，旨在改进个别农艺技术和提高外部投入（例如合成投入、化石燃料）的使用效率而不改变整个系统的结构和功能的努力似乎不足以在大多数情况下实现可持续性。传统和集约化农业系统。目前采用所谓投入替代方法的有机农业系统仍然是集约化和高度专业化的，不一定能够显着提高其可持续性。这将需要系统多样化和农业生态系统的重新设计，以增加其所有组成部分的空间和时间多样化，并促进它们之间的积极生态关系。农林业是一种基于农业生态系统生产组成部分（多年生木本植物，如树木或灌木，加上作物和/或牲畜）的多样化以及这些组成部分之间农业生态关系的强化的农业方法。因此，它具有变革潜力，为提高有机农业的可持续性提供了机会。