In recent years, an increasing number of reported studies and technological applications have relied on controlling the wetting behavior at the solid–liquid interface. In order to study wetting behavior, the contact angle based on the sessile droplet method and the surface tension using the pendant droplet method are the most widely used metrics, which are conventionally obtained using a goniometer. However, commercial goniometers are usually expensive. making them inaccessible to those under budget constraints. Focussing on how to design and fabricate goniometer setups in-house, we establish here a design framework based on the essential requirements and experimentally validate the use of the fabricated goniometers for the measurement of contact angle and surface tension. Specifically, a functionality-centric approach has been adopted, instead of component-centric, so that goniometers can be made with available components and low-cost substitutes that are capable of serving sim...

中文翻译：

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用于接触角和表面张力测量的低成本测角仪设备制造的设计框架

近年来，越来越多的报告研究和技术应用依赖于控制固液界面的润湿行为。为了研究润湿行为，基于固定液滴法的接触角和使用悬滴法的表面张力是使用最广泛的度量，通常是使用测角仪获得的。但是，商用测角仪通常很昂贵。使那些预算有限的人无法使用它们。着眼于内部如何设计和制造测角仪设置，我们在此基于基本要求建立了一个设计框架，并通过实验验证了所制造的测角仪在测量接触角和表面张力方面的用途。具体来说，采用了以功能为中心的方法，