(1) Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) approaches are widely used to study cortical and corticospinal function. However, responses to TMS are subject to significant intra-and inter-individual variability. Acute and chronic exposure to recreational substances alters the excitability of the sensorimotor system and may contribute to the variability in TMS outcome measures. The increasing prevalence of recreational substance use poses a significant challenge for executing TMS studies, but there is a lack of clarity regarding the influence of these substances on sensorimotor function. (2) Methods: The literature investigating the influence of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine and cannabis on TMS outcome measures of corticospinal, intracortical and interhemispheric excitability was reviewed. (3) Results: Both acute and chronic use of recreational substances modulates TMS measures of excitability. Despite the abundance of research in this field, we identify knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future studies to better understand the influence of these substances on TMS outcomes. (4) Conclusions: This review highlights the need for TMS studies to take into consideration the history of participant substance use and to control for acute substance use prior to testing.

中文翻译：

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娱乐物质使用对 TMS 研究的影响

(1) 背景：经颅磁刺激（TMS）方法广泛用于研究皮质和皮质脊髓功能。然而，对 TMS 的反应会受到显着的个体内和个体间差异的影响。急性和慢性接触娱乐物质会改变感觉运动系统的兴奋性，并可能导致 TMS 结果测量的变异性。娱乐物质使用的日益普遍对执行 TMS 研究提出了重大挑战，但这些物质对感觉运动功能的影响尚不清楚。(2) 方法：回顾了研究酒精、尼古丁、咖啡因和大麻对皮质脊髓、皮质内和半球间兴奋性 TMS 结果测量影响的文献。(3) 结果：急性和长期使用娱乐物质都会调节 TMS 的兴奋性测量。尽管该领域有大量研究，但我们确定了未来研究中应解决的知识差距，以更好地了解这些物质对 TMS 结果的影响。(4) 结论：本综述强调 TMS 研究需要考虑参与者的物质使用史并在测试前控制急性物质使用。