Global policies to mitigate climate change and protect forests are increasingly incentivizing the large-scale planting of trees. Yet tree planting poses a potential threat to the well-being of migratory pastoralists who depend on fodder across landscapes. With this research we seek to understand the impact of decades of afforestation activities in Himachal Pradesh, India, on the livelihoods of Gaddi pastoralists who have herded sheep and goats in the Himalayas for generations. Based on interviews with Gaddi herders, community leaders, and government officials, and case studies in three villages with large Gaddi populations in Kangra district, we find that plantations increase vulnerability. We show that plantations have decreased the availability of fodder, contributed to increased incidence of invasive species, disrupted migratory routes, and changed access to land. We develop a generalizable integrated vulnerability framework that focuses on pastoral livelihoods, and helps make a distinction between the vulnerability of livelihood activities and the vulnerability of individual people. Our framework anchors the causal pathway from plantation activity to livelihood vulnerability and the push toward more secure, but nonpastoral livelihoods. Plantation-driven challenges add to pre-existing stressors and accelerate declines in the number of pastoral households and size of migratory herds. However, many Gaddi households remain prosperous because they are able to diversify into alternative livelihoods. We underline the fact that the ability to adapt to alternative livelihoods and income streams differentiates vulnerable Gaddi herders from those who are not. In addition to increasing forest cover, plantations have an opportunity to serve a larger purpose of increasing resilience of vulnerable livelihoods; but they must be designed differently than they have been in the past in order to achieve this goal. They present an easier solution to sustain pastoralism compared to other important, but recalcitrant drivers of livelihood change.

中文翻译：

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种植园和牧民：造林活动使印度喜马拉雅山的牧民易受伤害

减轻气候变化和保护森林的全球政策越来越多地鼓励大规模种植树木。然而，植树对依赖跨境饲料的游牧者的福祉构成了潜在威胁。通过这项研究，我们试图了解印度喜马al尔邦数十年的植树造林活动对几代在喜马拉雅山放牧绵羊和山羊的加迪牧民的生计的影响。根据对加迪牧民，社区领导人和政府官员的采访，以及在康格拉地区三个加迪人口众多的村庄进行的案例研究，我们发现人工林增加了脆弱性。我们发现，人工林减少了饲料的供应，导致入侵物种的发生率增加，迁徙路线中断，并改变了获得土地的途径。我们开发了一个可概括的综合脆弱性框架，重点关注牧民的生计，并有助于区分生计活动的脆弱性和个人的脆弱性。我们的框架锚定了从种植活动到生计脆弱性的因果关系，并推动了更安全但非牧民的生计。人工林驱动的挑战加剧了原有压力，并加速了牧民家庭数量的减少和移民群的数量。但是，许多加迪家庭仍然能够保持繁荣，因为他们能够多样化地谋生。我们强调了这样一个事实，即适应另类生计和收入流的能力将脆弱的加迪牧民与那些没有的牧民区分开。除了增加森林覆盖率，人工林还有一个更大的目的，就是提高脆弱的生计的复原力；但是，为了实现此目标，必须对它们进行与过去不同的设计。与其他重要但顽固的生计变化驱动器相比，它们提供了一种更轻松的解决方案来维持畜牧业。