In agricultural ecosystems, weeds indirectly affect crops via phytophagous insects that feed on both weeds and crops. In paddy fields, heteropteran insects are among the most serious pests of rice plants. In some heteropterans, the proboscis is used to suck rice ears, inducing black spots on the grains (i.e., pecky rice). Even a low proportion of pecky rice (>0.1%) significantly decreases the market price of rice; in Japan, this problem has led to severe economic losses. Because heteropterans feed on the reproductive organs of weeds as well as rice plants, various weeds that grow around paddy fields may increase the populations of heteropterans that cause pecky rice. To clarify which types of weeds can be used by heteropterans causing pecky rice, we investigated the interactions between plants (including rice plants) and heteropterans in an agricultural landscape in Hyogo, Japan. We observed 833 individuals of 27 heteropteran species (13 families) feeding on the reproductive organs of 35 plant species (Poales: three families) including rice plants from June to October 2019. All heteropteran species were native, whereas six of 35 plant species were non‐native. We found 12 heteropteran species on rice plants; nine of the 12 heteropteran species fed on weeds (a total of 32 species) as well as rice plants, whereas the other three species fed exclusively on rice plants. Heteropterans fed on native weeds throughout the growing seasons (June–October), but on non‐native weeds only before rice plants bloomed (June–July). Therefore, diverse weed species that grow around paddy fields are food resources for heteropteran insects and they might indirectly increase the incidence of pecky rice.

中文翻译：

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杂草通过共享杂翅目食草动物对水稻的间接影响

在农业生态系统中，杂草通过以杂草和作物为食的植食性昆虫间接影响作物。在稻田中，杂翅目昆虫是水稻最严重的害虫之一。在一些杂翅目中，长鼻用于吸食稻穗，在稻谷上产生黑点（即细小米）。即使是低比例的大米（>0.1%）也会显着降低大米的市场价格；在日本，这个问题已经导致了严重的经济损失。由于杂翅目以杂草和水稻的生殖器官为食，在稻田周围生长的各种杂草可能会增加导致水稻发生胁迫的杂翅目数量。为了阐明引起啄食水稻的杂翅目昆虫可以使用哪些类型的杂草，我们调查了日本兵库县农业景观中植物（包括水稻）和杂翅目之间的相互作用。从 2019 年 6 月到 10 月，我们观察到 27 种杂翅目物种（13 科）的 833 只个体以包括水稻在内的 35 种植物（Poales：3 科）的生殖器官为食。所有杂翅目物种都是本地的，而 35 种植物物种中有 6 种是非-本国的。我们在水稻植株上发现了 12 种杂翅目；12 种异翅目物种中有 9 种以杂草（共 32 种）和水稻为食，而其他 3 种则只以水稻为食。异翅目昆虫在整个生长季节（6 月至 10 月）以本地杂草为食，但仅在水稻开花前（6 月至 7 月）以非本地杂草为食。所以，