After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells (SCs) are crucially involved in several steps of the subsequent regenerative processes, such as the Wallerian degeneration. They promote lysis and phagocytosis of myelin, secrete numbers of neurotrophic factors and cytokines, and recruit macrophages for a biological debridement. However, nerve injuries with a defect size of >1 cm do not show proper tissue regeneration and require a surgical nerve gap reconstruction. To find a sufficient alternative to the current gold standard—the autologous nerve transplant—several cell‐based therapies have been developed and were experimentally investigated. One approach aims on the use of adipose tissue stem cells (ASCs). These are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells that can differentiate into multiple phenotypes along the mesodermal lineage, such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and myocytes. Furthermore, ASCs also possess neurotrophic features, that is, they secrete neurotrophic factors like the nerve growth factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin‐3, ciliary neurotrophic factor, glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor, and artemin. They can also differentiate into the so‐called Schwann cell‐like cells (SCLCs). These cells share features with naturally occurring SCs, as they also promote nerve regeneration in the periphery. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the use of ASCs in peripheral nerve regeneration and peripheral nerve tissue engineering both in vitro and in vivo. While the sustainability of differentiation of ASCs to SCLCs in vivo is still questionable, ASCs used with different nerve conduits, such as hydrogels or silk fibers, have been shown to promote nerve regeneration.

中文翻译：

---

脂肪组织干细胞在周围神经再生中的作用——体外和体内

周围神经损伤后，雪旺氏细胞 (SCs) 在随后的再生过程的几个步骤中起着至关重要的作用，例如沃勒变性。它们促进髓鞘的溶解和吞噬作用，分泌大量神经营养因子和细胞因子，并招募巨噬细胞进行生物清创。然而，缺损尺寸大于 1 cm 的神经损伤不能显示适当的组织再生，需要手术神经间隙重建。为了找到当前黄金标准的充分替代方案——自体神经移植——已经开发了几种基于细胞的疗法并进行了实验研究。一种方法旨在使用脂肪组织干细胞 (ASC)。这些是多能间充质基质细胞，可以沿中胚层谱系分化成多种表型，如成骨细胞、软骨细胞和肌细胞。此外，ASCs 还具有神经营养特征，即它们分泌神经营养因子，如神经生长因子、脑源性神经营养因子、neurotrophin-3、睫状神经营养因子、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子和 Artemin。它们还可以分化为所谓的施万细胞样细胞 (SCLC)。这些细胞与自然发生的 SCs 具有共同的特征，因为它们还促进外周神经再生。本综述全面概述了 ASC 在周围神经再生和周围神经组织工程中的应用 睫状神经营养因子、神经胶质细胞源性神经营养因子和青蒿素。它们还可以分化为所谓的施万细胞样细胞 (SCLC)。这些细胞与自然发生的 SCs 具有共同的特征，因为它们还促进外周神经再生。本综述全面概述了 ASC 在周围神经再生和周围神经组织工程中的应用 睫状神经营养因子、神经胶质细胞源性神经营养因子和青蒿素。它们还可以分化为所谓的施万细胞样细胞 (SCLC)。这些细胞与自然发生的 SCs 具有共同的特征，因为它们还促进外周神经再生。本综述全面概述了 ASC 在周围神经再生和周围神经组织工程中的应用体外和体内。虽然体内ASCs 向 SCLCs 分化的可持续性仍然值得怀疑，但与不同神经导管（如水凝胶或丝纤维）一起使用的 ASCs 已被证明可以促进神经再生。