This study aimed to investigate the effects of femtosecond laser (Fs) and/or air‐abrasion protocols on surface roughness (Ra) of zirconia and resin bond strength. Eighty zirconia samples were randomly divided into eight subgroups according to surface treatment protocols: Control (C), Air‐abrasion before sintering (ABS), Air‐abrasion after sintering (AAS), Air‐abrasion before and after sintering (ABS + AAS), Fs laser before sintering (FBS), Fs laser before sintering + air‐abrasion after sintering (FBS + AAS), Fs laser after sintering (FAS), and Fs laser after sintering + air‐abrasion after sintering (FAS + AAS). Measurements of Ra values were obtained using a surface profilometer. Surface morphological properties were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and crystallographic changes were examined by X‐Ray diffractometry (XRD). Self‐adhesive resin cement was bonded to zirconia samples, and shear bond strength (SBS) tests were performed. The data were statistically analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, followed by Tamhane tests. The control group displayed the lowest Ra and SBS values among all groups. The highest Ra and SBS values were found in the FBS and FBS + AAS groups. Air‐abrasion applied before sintering significantly increased the Ra of specimens. FAS, FAS + AAS, and ABS + AAS groups exhibited higher SBS values than AAS and ABS (p < .05). Air‐abrasion applied after Fs laser did not produce any significant change in the Ra and SBS compared to Fs laser alone (p > .05). Femtosecond laser application may be a promising method to enhance the surface roughness of zirconia and improve resin bond strength. Air‐abrasion at pre‐ and post‐sintered stages may also be a viable surface treatment option.

中文翻译：

---

飞秒激光和空气磨损协议在不同烧结阶段对整体氧化锆的联合应用：对表面粗糙度和树脂结合强度的影响

本研究旨在研究飞秒激光 (Fs) 和/或空气磨损协议对氧化锆表面粗糙度 (Ra) 和树脂粘合强度的影响。根据表面处理方案将 80 个氧化锆样品随机分为 8 个亚组：对照 (C)、烧结前空气磨损 (ABS)、烧结后空气磨损 (AAS)、烧结前后空气磨损 (ABS + AAS) , 烧结前的 Fs 激光 (FBS)、烧结前的 Fs 激光 + 烧结后的空气磨损 (FBS + AAS)、烧结后的 Fs 激光 (FAS) 和烧结后的 Fs 激光 + 烧结后的空气磨损 (FAS + AAS)。使用表面轮廓仪测量 Ra 值。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）评估表面形态特性，用X射线衍射（XRD）检查晶体学变化。将自粘树脂水泥粘合到氧化锆样品上，并进行剪切粘合强度 (SBS) 测试。通过单因素方差分析对数据进行统计分析，然后进行 Tamhane 检验。对照组显示所有组中最低的Ra和SBS值。在 FBS 和 FBS + AAS 组中发现最高的 Ra 和 SBS 值。烧结前施加的空气磨损显着增加了试样的 Ra。FAS、FAS + AAS 和 ABS + AAS 组的 SBS 值高于 AAS 和 ABS（烧结前施加的空气磨损显着增加了试样的 Ra。FAS、FAS + AAS 和 ABS + AAS 组的 SBS 值高于 AAS 和 ABS（烧结前施加的空气磨损显着增加了试样的 Ra。FAS、FAS + AAS 和 ABS + AAS 组的 SBS 值高于 AAS 和 ABS（p  < .05)。与单独使用 Fs 激光相比，在 Fs 激光之后应用空气磨损不会对 Ra 和 SBS 产生任何显着变化 ( p  > .05)。飞秒激光应用可能是提高氧化锆表面粗糙度和提高树脂结合强度的一种很有前景的方法。烧结前和烧结后阶段的空气磨损也可能是一种可行的表面处理选择。