Amphetamine produces a multiplicity of well-documented end-order biochemical, pharmacological and biobehavioural effects. Mechanistically, amphetamine downregulates presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal monoamine (primarily dopaminergic) systems, producing alterations to key brain regions which manifest as stereotyped ridged behaviour which occurs under both acute and chronic dosing schedules and persists beyond detoxification. Despite evidence of amphetamine-induced visual attentional dysfunction, no conceptual synthesis has yet captured how characteristic pharmaco-behavioural processes are critically implicated via these pathways, nor described the potential implications for safety-sensitive behaviours. Drawing on known pathomechanisms, we propose a cross-disciplinary, novel conceptual functional system framework for delineating the biobehavioural consequences of amphetamine use on visual attentional capacity and discuss the implications for functional and behavioural outcomes. Specifically, we highlight the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on visual information processing for timely execution of visually-guided movements. Following this, we highlight the potential impact on safety-sensitive, but common behaviours, such as driving a motor vehicle. The close pathophysiological relationship between oculomotor control and higher-order cognitive processes further suggests that dynamic measurement of movement related to the motion of the eye (gaze behaviour) may be a simple, effective and direct measure of behavioural performance capabilities in naturalistic settings. Consequently, we discuss the potential efficacy of ocular monitoring for the detection and monitoring of driver states for this drug user group, and potential wider application.

Significance statement: We propose a novel biochemical-physiological-behavioural pathway which delineates how amphetamine use critically alters oculomotor function, visual-attentional performance and information processing capabilities. Given the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on these processes, we recommend oculography as a novel means of detecting and monitoring gaze behaviours during naturalistic tasks such as driving. Real-word examination of gaze behaviour therefore present as an effective means to detect driver impairment and prevent performance degradation due to these drugs.

苯丙胺产生多种有据可查的最终生化、药理学和生物行为效应。从机制上讲，安非他明下调突触前和突触后纹状体单胺（主要是多巴胺能）系统，对大脑关键区域产生改变，表现为在急性和慢性给药方案下发生的刻板脊状行为，并在解毒后持续存在。尽管有证据表明苯丙胺引起的视觉注意功能障碍，但尚未有任何概念综合表明特征性药物行为过程如何通过这些途径受到严重影响，也没有描述对安全敏感行为的潜在影响。利用已知的病理机制，我们提出了一种跨学科的、新的概念功能系统框架，用于描述苯丙胺使用对视觉注意力能力的生物行为后果，并讨论对功能和行为结果的影响。具体来说，我们强调了对概念驱动和高度依赖视觉信息处理以及时执行视觉引导运动的行为的明显影响。在此之后，我们强调了对安全敏感但常见的行为（例如驾驶机动车辆）的潜在影响。动眼神经控制和高阶认知过程之间密切的病理生理关系进一步表明，与眼睛运动（注视行为）相关的运动的动态测量可能很简单，在自然主义环境中有效和直接地衡量行为表现能力。因此，我们讨论了眼部监测对该吸毒者群体的驾驶员状态检测和监测的潜在功效，以及潜在的更广泛应用。

意义声明：我们提出了一种新的生化-生理-行为途径，描述了苯丙胺的使用如何严重改变动眼神经功能、视觉注意力表现和信息处理能力。鉴于对概念驱动和高度依赖于这些过程的行为的明显影响，我们推荐眼科作为一种在自然主义任务（如驾驶）期间检测和监测注视行为的新方法。因此，注视行为的实词检查是检测驾驶员损伤和防止这些药物引起的性能下降的有效手段。