Q fever (coxiellosis), caused by Coxiella burnetii, is an emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease of public health significance and with worldwide distribution. As a causal agent of the one among the 13 global priority zoonoses, having the infectious dose as low as one bacterium, C. burnetii has been regarded as an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. The agent has been classified as a Group B bioterrorism agent by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the disease is included in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) list of notifiable diseases. It is mainly transmitted through airborne route in humans and animals. Isolation of C. burnetii, using standard routine laboratory culture techniques was impossible until formulation of axenic-based medium. However, it is still to be included among routinely isolated laboratory pathogen, accounting prolonged incubation period (~7 days) and requirement of specific oxygen concentration (2.5% O₂). Therefore, indirect diagnostic tools have been mainly used for its diagnosis. So far serology has been mostly used for testing for C. burnetii infection. The detection of C. burnetii DNA by PCR in various clinical samples have also been widely used. The disease has remained largely under-reported, underdiagnosed and as a masked zoonosis; and therefore, needs to be explored through well-planned scientific studies for knowing its true status and likely it impact in humans and animals by employing state-of-the-art diagnostics, identifying its diverse and new host range, as well as risk factors involved in different geo-climatic, behavioural and social settings as well as risk groups. Here, we reviewed the current approaches used for the detection of C. burnetii infection in humans and animals at the population and individual level.

Q热（coxiellosis），由贝氏柯克斯体，是公共卫生意义和世界性分布的新兴或再度出现的人畜共患病的。作为13种全球优先人畜共患病中的一种，其传染剂量低至一种细菌的病原体，伯氏梭菌被认为是专性的细胞内细菌病原体。该病原已被美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）归类为B组生物恐怖主义药，该病已列入世界动物卫生组织（OIE）法定疾病清单。它主要通过空中途径在人类和动物中传播。伯氏梭菌的分离直到配制基于树胶的培养基之前，不可能使用标准的常规实验室培养技术。但是，它仍应包括在常规分离的实验室病原体中，考虑到延长的潜伏期（〜7天）和需要的特定氧气浓度（2.5％O ₂）。因此，间接诊断工具已经主要用于其诊断。迄今为止，血清学已主要用于测试伯氏梭菌感染。伯氏梭菌的检测通过PCR的DNA在各种临床样品中也已被广泛使用。该病在很大程度上仍未得到充分报道，未得到充分诊断并被掩盖为人畜共患病。因此，需要通过精心计划的科学研究来探索它的真实状态，并通过采用最新的诊断方法，确定其多样和新的宿主范围以及风险因素来了解其对人和动物的影响。参与不同的地球气候，行为和社会环境以及风险类别。在这里，我们回顾了用于在人群和个体水平上检测人和动物的伯氏梭菌感染的当前方法。