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The diurnal variability of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS tropospheric path delays over the Eastern Mediterranean
Atmospheric Research ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105307
Shlomi Ziskin Ziv , Yoav Yair , Pinhas Alpert , Leenes Uzan , Yuval Reuveni

Abstract The study of the diurnal variations of the total water vapor amount in an atmospheric column, also known as Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) or Integrated Water Vapor (IWV), is highly significant in meteorology and climatology studies, yet very limited due to insufficient spatial and temporal in situ measurements. Nowadays, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ground receivers are used along with retrieval techniques in order to conduct high sample rate PWV estimations. Here, we present the annual and seasonal PWV diurnal cycles extracted from the Survey Of Israel Active Permanent Network (SOI-APN) GNSS receivers in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The data period spans from 5 to 21 years, ensuring its suitability for studying the PWV annual and seasonal mean diurnal variations. We particularly focus on the summer months (JJA), where the Mediterranean Sea Breeze (MSB) plays a dominant role in transporting humidity inland. For most stations, the diurnal amplitude in summer is the highest compared to the seasonal mean (4%–21%), followed by spring, autumn and winter (2%–4%). The PWV in the coastal stations peaks at 6–7 UTC while the northernmost highland station peaks at 8 UTC and the southernmost at 14 UTC indicating frontal MSB propagation from the coastline eastward inland combined with northern winds enhancement due to Coriolis force. Moreover, for most stations, the PWV peak hour is correlated with the distance from the Mediterranean Sea shore, substantiating the MSB's role as a key driver of the PWV diurnal variability during summer months. The PWV minimum values in the coastal stations occurs between 14 UTC and 19 UTC while in the highland stations it varies from 17 to 00 UTC. The coastal stations' PWV amplitude, compared to the daily mean, is around 1 mm while the highland stations amplitude is 2–3 mm. In addition, a strong correlation between the PWV diurnal cycle and the atmospheric Mixing Layer Height (MLH) diurnal variations is found using ceilometer data, suggesting that the MLH modulates the PWV, however this conclusion requires further research. Finally, using harmonic analysis with the PWV diurnal variations in summer, reveals that the diurnal and the semidiurnal modes account for ~95% of the sub-daily variance in 19 out of 21 GNSS stations

中文翻译:

来自东地中海 GPS 对流层路径延迟的可降水水汽的日变化

摘要 研究大气柱中总水汽量的日变化,也称为可降水量水汽(PWV)或综合水汽(IWV),在气象学和气候学研究中具有重要意义,但由于缺乏足够的研究而非常有限。空间和时间原位测量。如今,全球导航卫星系统 (GNSS) 地面接收器与检索技术一起使用,以进行高采样率 PWV 估计。在这里,我们展示了从东地中海地区的以色列主动永久网络 (SOI-APN) GNSS 接收器调查中提取的年度和季节性 PWV 昼夜周期。数据周期从 5 年到 21 年不等,确保其适用于研究 PWV 年度和季节性平均日变化。我们特别关注夏季(JJA),其中地中海微风 (MSB) 在向内陆输送湿气方面起主导作用。对于大多数站点,夏季的昼夜振幅与季节平均值相比最高(4%~21%),其次是春季、秋季和冬季(2%~4%)。沿海站的 PWV 在 6-7 UTC 达到峰值,而最北端的高地站在 8 UTC 达到峰值,最南端在 14 UTC 达到峰值,表明锋面 MSB 从海岸线向内陆向东传播,并且由于科里奥利力导致北风增强。此外,对于大多数站点,PWV 高峰小时与距地中海海岸的距离相关,证实了 MSB 作为夏季月份 PWV 日变化的关键驱动因素的作用。沿海站的 PWV 最小值出现在 14 UTC 和 19 UTC 之间,而在高地站的 PWV 最小值在 17 到 00 UTC 之间变化。沿海站的 PWV 振幅与日平均值相比约为 1 mm,而高原站的振幅为 2-3 mm。此外,使用云高仪数据发现 PWV 日循环与大气混合层高度 (MLH) 日变化之间存在很强的相关性,表明 MLH 调制了 PWV,但该结论需要进一步研究。最后,使用夏季 PWV 日变化的谐波分析表明,在 21 个 GNSS 站中的 19 个中,日和半日模式占亚日变化的约 95% 大约为 1 毫米,而高地站的振幅为 2-3 毫米。此外,使用云高仪数据发现 PWV 日循环与大气混合层高度 (MLH) 日变化之间存在很强的相关性,表明 MLH 调制了 PWV,但该结论需要进一步研究。最后,使用夏季 PWV 日变化的谐波分析表明,在 21 个 GNSS 站中的 19 个中,日和半日模式占亚日变化的约 95% 大约为 1 毫米,而高地站的振幅为 2-3 毫米。此外,使用云高仪数据发现 PWV 日循环与大气混合层高度 (MLH) 日变化之间存在很强的相关性,表明 MLH 调制了 PWV,但该结论需要进一步研究。最后,使用夏季 PWV 日变化的谐波分析表明,在 21 个 GNSS 站中的 19 个中,日和半日模式占亚日变化的约 95%
更新日期:2021-02-01
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